Attention Interference, Automatic Processing, and the...

The experiment tests whether conflict takes place between the automatic process of reading a word and the controlled process of naming the ink colour of the word by replicating a version of the Stroop effect. A sample of 20 volunteering participants, 10 men and 10 women, aged 18-69, took part in the experiment. Participants were given two conditions, one list with colour-related distractor words and one list with colour-neutral words. For each participant, time necessary to name the ink colour of the list of words was recorded per condition. The results showed that participants named the ink colours of neutral words faster than of colour-related distractor words ( Overall alpha level was .011). Therefore, we can say that participants’†¦show more content†¦Word meaning is processed involuntarily thereby slowing down colour naming as attention is divided. The Stroop effect was retested by using a list of semantically-related distractor words instead of colour words and a list of colour-neutral words. The one-tailed hypothesis is that reaction time between stimulus and response will be longer when colour-related words are in a colour that is incongruent with the word. The null hypothesis is that there will be no difference in the reaction time for the two lists. METHODS Design The experiment had a within-participant design. The dependent variable was the total time taken in seconds to name the colour of the ink of the 30 words in the list and was measured to the nearest second by the experimenter with a stopwatch. The independent variable was represented by two conditions which consisted of two lists of words with repeated colour scheme; one list with the incongruent distractor words and one list with colour-neutral words. In the experimental condition participants had to name the ink colour of colour-related distractor words which were incongruent with the words. In the control condition participants had to name the ink colour of colour-neutral words which were incongruent with the words. The conditions were counterbalanced to avoid order and practiseShow MoreRelatedThe Stroop Effect Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesThe Stroop effect is demonstrated by the reaction time to determine a color when the color is printed in a different color’s name. Participants respond slower or make more errors when the meaning of the word is incongruent with the color of the word. Despite knowing the meaning of the word, participants showed incapability of ignoring the stimulus attribute. This reflects a clear instance of semantic interference and an unfathomed failure of selective attention (Stroop, 1935). In the study of theRead MoreA Replication of the Stroop Effect1944 Words   |  8 PagesA Replication of the Stroop Effect Kimber-Ann Cook Broughton High School 3/26/08 Ms. Greene IB Psychology SL 1, 738 Abstract The Stroop (1935) effect is the inability to ignore a color word when the task is to report the ink color of that word (i.e., to say green to the word RED in green ink). The present study investigated whether object-based processing contributes to the Stroop effect. According to this view, observers are unable to ignore irrelevant features of an attended object (KahnemanRead MoreThe Effect Of Automatic And Controlled Processing On The Way Of Thinking1510 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction J.R. Stroop conducted an experiment in 1935, where he studied the difference of automatic and controlled processing through his experiment called the Stroop Effect . Automatic processing can be defined as an implicit way of thinking that is unconscious, while controlled processing is intentional. The experiment dealt with Stroop giving the participants two list in different conditions. While the participants read the lists, they were told to read them as fast as possible. In the firstRead MoreThe Stroop Effect2978 Words   |  12 PagesAbstract The aim of this experiment is to study autonomic processes by replicating the previously carried out Stroop effect by using numbers. A number of 180 random participants aged in between 18-89 were recruited to participate in this experiment. Participants were presented with a stroop experiment task sheet which consists of three parts which was the control, congruent and incongruent conditions. Time was taken and recorded for each participant to say out the number of stars in the control conditionRead MoreTesting of the Stroop Effect in Colour-Associated Words and Neutral Words1218 Words   |  5 PagesTesting of the Stroop effect in colour-associated words and neutral words Abstract Study examined the Stroop effect in words which are not colours, but represent related object connected to certain colours and whether that would yield similar or the same effect as the classic Stroop study. Previous studies such as Stroops (1935) found out a clash between controlled and automatic processing, which resulted in delayed answering. This experiment was conducted for 20 participants of both sexesRead MoreUnderstanding the Results: Breakdown of the Stroop Effect1199 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding the Results: The Breakdown of the Stroop Effect The beauty of science is the fact that it is not ever a complete certainty. There are times when an experiment might yield results that conflict with prior results in past experiments, which then forces the researcher to try to account for the possibility of new findings that lay outside the range of prior discourse. This is the case here, where a variation of the Stroop test was conducted, with atypical results. After coming to theseRead MoreThe Effect Of Automatic Processes Interfering With Controlled Processes1552 Words   |  7 Pageshow these instances could cause hindrances when processing information; this is an underlying problem and has been known as interference. When you have attention on more than one thing you may be experiencing interference and this can inhibit cognitive processes. The effects of automatic processes interfering with controlled processes have been known to have been tested through something called a Stroop experiment. The revolutionary study by, Stroop (1935) used 5 different colors; purple, brown,Read MoreThe Matter Of Paying Attention1494 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The matter of â€Å"paying attention† is based on a series of cognitive functions. Attention, itself, is the ability to concentrate on a task, and the allocation of processing resources (Young, 2016). An aspect of attention, selective attention, focuses on the mental vitality and flexibility of our brain (Cognitive Psychology Class Notes, n.d.). The response of two or more conflicting signals is located in the part of the brain called the, anterior cingulate (Pardo, Pardo, Janer, RaichleRead MoreEffects Of Automatic Word Reading And Identifying Direction1741 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Automatic Word Reading and Identifying Direction Whether it is the modern day issue of texting and driving or simply studying for an exam in a noisy room most people experience distraction every day. What people may not know is how those distractions cause interferences when processing information; this is the underlying problem and has been known to be tested through something called a Stroop experiment. From referencing the original Stroop test that examined the interference ofRead More Verbal Reaction Times Experiment Essay2632 Words   |  11 Pagesas the obtained value was much greater then the critical value. It can therefore be concluded that visual interference does affect peoples verbal reactions. Introduction In 1935 John Ridley Stroop published his Ph.D. thesis entitled Studies of Interference in Serial Verbal Reactions - the findings of which became known as the Stroop Effect. Stroop mentioned many studies in his work but the two that are most relevant for this report are Brown (1915) and

The Secret Circle The Hunt Chapter 12 Free Essays

Cassie arrived at the beach for the full moon ceremony just as Diana was drawing a circle in the sand with her pearl-handled knife. It was already five minutes to midnight, when the moon would be at its highest point, so she had to hurry. Diana went around the circle with water she’d collected from the ocean, then with a stick of calamus-scented incense, and finally with a lighted white candle. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Hunt Chapter 12 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pungent, smoky smells filled the air. â€Å"Cassie,† Adam called out when he spotted her. â€Å"Where’ve you been? I’ve been calling you.† â€Å"I’m sorry. I know.† Cassie continued watching Diana. â€Å"I was helping my mom clean up after dinner and I lost track of time.† â€Å"Uh-oh,† Faye said, loud enough for everyone to hear. â€Å"Don’t you two know good communication is the foundation of a healthy relationship?† â€Å"Actually,† Suzan said, â€Å"I’m pretty sure it’s trust.† Faye smirked. â€Å"No, that can’t be it.† Adam was not amused by their banter. â€Å"I had something important to tell you.† He made an effort to pull Cassie aside. â€Å"That’s why I kept calling.† â€Å"You guys! It’s almost midnight, come on!† Diana held a lit candle in one hand and reached out to grab Cassie with the other. But she clutched Cassie’s pointer and index fingers just where her most recent burns had scabbed over. Cassie cried out softly in pain. Diana looked at her, confused. â€Å"Are you okay?† Cassie stretched the sleeves of her shirt down over her hands. â€Å"Did I hurt you?† Diana asked. Faye and the others gathered around Cassie. â€Å"Lift up your sleeves,† Faye commanded. After a glance at Adam, Cassie did as she was told. Immediately, everyone’s eyes settled on the scars and scabs she’d been working so hard to keep hidden. Cassie looked around and realized the time had come for her to tell them about her father’s book. There was no other way of explaining the burns, and Cassie didn’t want to outright lie to her Circle – they didn’t deserve that. With an encouraging nod from Adam, and with the group’s rapt attention, Cassie made a clear, concise announcement: â€Å"I have Black John’s Book of Shadows,† she said. â€Å"It’s what gave me these scars.† â€Å"You found – you mean – are you serious?† Diana sputtered. Cassie nodded. â€Å"I’ve been searching it for any hint on how to defeat the hunters or Scarlett. But it’s dangerous,† Cassie continued, holding up her hands as an example. â€Å"You have to understand, I don’t want anyone else to get hurt, not until I know it can help us.† Faye leaned on Sean to keep from falling over. â€Å"Black John’s book has been in your house this whole time? And you kept it from me?† She was practically hyperventilating. â€Å"I can’t even imagine the spells that must be in there. Go get it, Cassie. Right now.† Cassie shook her head. â€Å"I can’t read it, and neither can you. It’s written in an ancient language. And besides, we don’t know what the book is capable of.† â€Å"Actually, Cassie,† Adam interrupted, â€Å"that’s why I kept calling you earlier.† Seagulls squawked in circles overhead as Adam regarded the group, a gloomy look on his face. â€Å"Cassie showed me a portion of the book yesterday, and I was up all night trying to translate it. I compared some of the symbols in the book to the ancient map I used to locate the Master Tools.† Diana nodded, knowing that map well. â€Å"I remember those inscriptions,† she said. â€Å"Black John had written them himself.† Adam fixed his eyes on Cassie again. His voice was a stricken monotone. â€Å"From the little bits and pieces I could figure out, Cassie is now bound to Black John’s book.† For a few seconds Cassie lost her hearing. The hammering thump of her heartbeat was the only sound in her ears. She could see everyone’s reactions – Diana’s terror, Faye’s apprehension, Adam’s distress – but she felt like she was watching them from somewhere hushed and far away. It was gruesome, the way the faces of her friends altered. Not one of them would ever think of Cassie the same way again. â€Å"Are you sure?† Diana asked. Her voice hit Cassie’s ears with a pop. â€Å"Bound was definitely the word I translated,† Adam said. â€Å"And any dark magic involving that word can’t be good.† Diana took a deep breath. â€Å"No. Not good at all.† â€Å"What exactly does this mean?† Suzan asked. â€Å"In the scientific sense,† Laurel said, â€Å"being bound simply means being held to another element. It’s a union, physical or chemical. And it’s inseparable.† Melanie cut in to clarify. â€Å"Simply put, it means Cassie’s obligated to the book. As in tied in bonds. Like a prisoner.† â€Å"Melanie.† Diana chastised her with a glare. â€Å"It’s an attachment. That’s all. Don’t jump to worst-case scenarios.† Cassie wanted the group to believe Diana was right: that being bound to the book only meant she was attached to it, nothing more. But Cassie couldn’t deny what she knew to be the truth: The book did have an influence over her. Every time she touched it, it was like darkness took her over. She was beginning to feel like she had a split personality. Cassie began to cry, and Adam walked slowly over to her. He put his arm around her torso. â€Å"Cassie, I’m sorry you’re going through all this. But the Circle can help you now. You’re not in this alone.† â€Å"That’s right.† Diana took a step closer and also put her arm around Cassie. â€Å"We can all look into those symbols and help with the translation.† â€Å"You can copy a few pages at a time for us to study,† Adam said. â€Å"Using the obsidian crystal, so you’re as safe as possible.† There were supportive nods around the Circle, except from Faye who crossed her arms over her chest. â€Å"Just to be clear,† she said. â€Å"We are talking about Cassie being undeniably linked to dark magic, right? That’s what Black John’s book is, and that’s what Cassie’s bound to.† A heartrending stillness settled over the group like a heavy quilt. There was absolute silence except for the roar and crashing of waves in the distance. Adam nodded grimly. â€Å"Like Scarlett, Cassie does have dark magic in her blood, and the book is obviously reacting to that.† He turned to Cassie and swallowed hard. â€Å"In fact, as someone who knows dark magic so well, Scarlett might be able to tell us something useful about the book. Maybe she can help.† Cassie stared down at the sand, unable to speak. â€Å"Adam,† Nick shouted. â€Å"You do remember that Scarlett is out to kill your girlfriend, right?† Faye raised an eyebrow. â€Å"Trading off Princess Cassie for Evil Witch Scarlett? That sounds like a great suggestion to me.† â€Å"And while we’re at it, we can get the Master Tools back,† Deborah said. â€Å"That’s not what I meant.† Adam shot Cassie a desperate look. â€Å"I just meant we could confront her. Maybe even bargain with her.† â€Å"No way,† Nick said. â€Å"If we find Scarlett, we’re taking her down, not asking her for advice.† Cassie forced down the bile that had risen in her throat. She staggered back to the center of the group and everyone got quiet again, their faces turned toward her expectantly. â€Å"It’s not a bad idea to try to get information out of Scarlett.† She looked at Adam with a strained smile, though she was beginning to wonder if he had feelings for Scarlett he wasn’t admitting – even to himself. â€Å"But we’re dealing with two evils here, and at least the book can’t fight back.† And with that, Cassie had the final word. How to cite The Secret Circle: The Hunt Chapter 12, Essay examples

Smoke Signals free essay sample

Smoke Signals ( Smoke Signals, DVD. 1998) is a movie that depicts Native Americans on the Coeur’d Alene Indian Reservation in Idaho during the late 20th century. Smoke Signals illustrates contemporary Native American culture. The movie is gives insight into the characters struggles to preserve oral tradition, and making peace with personal histories. The main characters, Thomas and Victor, deal with discrimination, life on a reservation, preservation of their culture, and economic problems. There are aspects of anthropology concepts that are depicted animism, rite of passage cultural imperialism, and stereotyping. In this movie Victor, the main character, sees himself as a â€Å"real† Indian. Victor conveys resentment and anger towards his father Arnold Joseph, who was an alcoholic and abusive towards his family. Arnold Joseph always threatened to disappear in the movie and eventually he ran away to Phoenix Arizona. Thomas, the other main character in the story, remembers Arnold Joseph as a friendly man who saved his life from the fire. We will write a custom essay sample on Smoke Signals or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Later you learn Arnold Joseph leaves the reservation because he is racked with guilt from accidently setting the fire that killed Thomas parents. Thomas’s character is a traditionalist in practicing his oral tradition.Thomas is far less stern than his counterpart Victor is. Smoke Signals is about the journey Thomas and Victor have while collecting the ashes of Arnold Joseph. Thomas sees this journey as his vision quest. The vision quest came to him in the form of Spokane Falls, and while there, Arnold appeared to him, as if in a dream. This faith is called animism, the belief in spiritual entities, souls, and spirits. ( Connard Phillip Kottak, Mirror for Humanity: a Concise Introduction to Cultural Anthropology ( New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010), 191. ) These trance states are part of Native American culture.These vision quests are a rite of passage for Native Americans. ( IBID. , 195. ) Rites of passage are events that transform one from one stage of life to another. ( IBID. ) Victor in the beginning of the movie discounts the stories and visions, while insulting Thomas clothing saying he looks like a white man. This is because he believes no good comes from stories or visions and rejects his heritage. Upon arriving in Phoenix Victor learns respect for his father through stories told by Suzie, Arnold neighbor. Victor also experiences a vision of his own in the form of his father. He learns to respect the traditions of his heritage.Arnold, Victor’s father, tells a story about how he and his son once played against the Jesuits. Arnold describes the Jesuits as skilled and talented basketball players. He says Victor turned into an Angel to score the winning basket. By telling this story, Arnold Joseph refers to cultural imperialism. Cultural imperialism is to spread or advance one cultures by modifying, replacing, or destroying the existing culture at the expense of others. (IBID. , 290-91. )This can be caused by discrepancy in economical and political influences. ( IBID. ) The Jesuits, the white man, came and destroyed Native American culture forcing it to be modified.The winning of the game symbolizes the ability to overcome one’s oppressor. When traveling from Phoenix Arizona to the Coeur’d Alene Indian Reservation, the main characters are involved in a car accident. Victor runs forty miles to the next town to get help for the dying woman in the car accident. The drunken man, who caused the wreck, says Victor and Thomas are at fault for the causing the accident. He tells the police that they were trying to kill him. When interviewing with a police officer, prejudice, stereotype, and discrimination are a strong factor in the beginning.The police officer is stereotyping the boys, by assuming that all Indians are alcoholics. Stereotypes are preconceived notions about members of group are alike. ( IBID. ,251. ) Stereotypes are usually negative views on the particular group. ( IBID. ) Stereotyping groups individual behaviors together to form a prejudice of how that group â€Å"should act†. ( IBID. ) After Victor firmly tells the officer that he does not drink, the mood towards the boy’s changes favorably. This movie is about the physical and psychological journey that Thomas and Victor go through.

The History Of The World.The History Of The World.The History Of The W

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About the Influential Henry Hobson Richardson

About the Influential Henry Hobson Richardson Famous for designing massive stone buildings with semicircular Roman arches, Henry Hobson Richardson developed a late Victorian style that became known as Richardsonian Romanesque. Some people have argued that his architectural design is the first truly American style- that up to this point in American history, building designs were copied from what was being built in Europe. H.H. Richardsons 1877 Trinity Church in Boston, Massachusetts has been called one of the 10 Buildings That Changed America. Although Richardson himself designed few houses and public buildings, his style was copied throughout America. No doubt youve seen these buildings- the big, brownish red, rusticated stone libraries, schools, churches, row houses, and single-family homes of the wealthy. Background: Born: September 29, 1838 in Louisiana Died: April 26, 1886 in Brookline, Massachusetts Education: Public and private schools in New Orleans1859: Harvard College1860: Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris Famous Buildings: 1866-1869: Unity Church, Springfield, Massachusetts (Richardsons first commission)1883-1888: Allegheny County Courthouse, Pittsburgh, PA1872-1877: Trinity Church, Boston, MA1885-1887: Glessner House, Chicago, IL1887: Marshall Field Store, Chicago, IL About Henry Hobson Richardson: During his life, cut short by kidney disease, H.H. Richardson designed churches, courthouses, train stations, libraries, and other important civic buildings. Featuring semicircular Roman arches set in massive stone walls, Richardsons unique style became known as Richardsonian Romanesque. Henry Hobson Richardson is known as the First American Architect because he broke away from European traditions and designed buildings that stood out as truly original. Also Richardson was only the second American to receive formal training in architecture. The first was Richard Morris Hunt. The architects Charles F. McKim and Stanford White worked under Richardson for awhile, and their free-form Shingle Style grew out of Richardsons use of rugged natural materials and grand interior spaces. Other important architects influenced by Henry Hobson Richardson include Louis Sullivan, John Wellborn Root, and Frank Lloyd Wright. Richardsons Significance: He had a superb sense of rather monumental composition, an uncommon sensitivenss to materials, and a creative imagination in the way to use them. His stone detailing especially was unusually lovely, and it is not strange that his buildings were imitated far and wide. He was an independent planner as well, continually feeling for greater and greater originality....Richardsonian came in the popular mind to mean, not sensitivenss to material, nor independece of design, but rather the indefinite repetition of low, wide arches, intricate Byzantinelike ornament, or dark and somber colors.- Talbot Hamlin, Architecture through the Ages, Putnam, Revised 1953, p. 609 Learn More: H. H. Richardson: Complete Architectural Works by Jeffrey Karl Ochsner, MIT PressLiving Architecture: A Biography of H.H. Richardson by James F. OGorman, Simon SchusterThe Architecture of H. H. Richardson and His Times by Henry-Russell Hitchcock, MIT PressThree American Architects: Richardson, Sullivan, and Wright, 1865-1915 by James F. OGorman, University Of Chicago PressHenry Hobson Richardson and His Works by Mariana Griswold Van Rensselaer, DoverHenry Hobson Richardson. A Genius for Architecture by Margaret H. Floyd, Photographs by Paul Rocheleau, Monacelli PressH. H. Richardson: The Architect, His Peers, and Their Era by Maureen Meister, MIT Press

Discontinued Element Symbols

Discontinued Element Symbols This is a list of element symbols and names that are placeholders for final names or else are no longer in use. This list does not include element symbols or names that remain in use regionally, such as aluminum/aluminium or iodine/jod. A - Argon (18) Current symbol is Ar. Ab - Alabamine (85) Discredited claim to discovery of astatine. Am - Alabamium (85) Discredited claim to discovery of astatine. An - Athenium (99) Proposed name for einsteinium. Ao - Ausonium (93) Discredited claim to discovery of neptunium. Az - Azote (7) Former name for nitrogen. Bv - Brevium (91) Former name for protactinium. Bz - Berzelium (59) Suggested name for praseodymium. Cb - Columbium (41) Former name of niobium. Cb - Columbium (95) Suggested name for americium. Cp - Cassiopeium (71) Former name for lutetium. Cp is the symbol for element 112, Copernicium Ct - Centurium (100) Proposed name for fermium. Ct - Celtium (72) Former name of hafnium. Da - Danubium (43) Suggested name for technetium. Db - Dubnium (104) Proposed name for rutherfordium. The symbol and name were used for element 105. Eb - Ekaboron (21) Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, scandium closely matched the prediction. El - Ekaaluminium (31) Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, gallium closely matched the prediction. Em - Emanation (86) Also called radium emanation, the name was originally given by Friedrich Ernst Dorn in 1900. In 1923, this element officially became radon (the name given at one time to 222Rn, an isotope identified in the decay chain of radium). Em - Ekamangan (43) Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, technetium closely matched the prediction. Es - Ekasilicon (32) Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, germanium closely matched the prediction. Es - Esperium (94) Discredited claim to discovery of plutonium. Fa - Francium (87) Current symbol is Fr. Fr - Florentium (61) Discredited claim to discovery of promethium. Gl - Glucinium (4) Former name of beryllium. Ha - Hahnium (105) Proposed name for dubnium. Ha - Hahnium (108) Proposed name for hassium. Il - Illinium (61) Discredited claim to discovery of promethium. Jg - Jargonium (72) Discredited claim to discovery of hafnium. Jo - Joliotium (105) Proposed name for dubnium. Ku - Kurchatovium (104) Proposed name for rutherfordium. Lw - Lawrencium (103) Current symbol is Lr. M - Muriaticum (17) Former name of chlorine. Ma - Masurium (43) Disputed claim to discovery of technetium. Md - Mendelevium (97) Proposed name for berkelium. The symbol and name were later used for element 101. Me - Mendelevium (68) Suggested name for erbium. Ms - Masrium (49) Discredited claim of discovery of indium. Mt - Meitnium (91) Suggested name for protactinium. Mv - Mendelevium (101) Current symbol is Md. Ng - Norwegium (72) Discredited claim to discovery of hafnium. Ni - Niton (86) Former name for radon. No - Norium (72) Discredited claim to discovery of hafnium. Ns - Nielsbohrium (105) Proposed name for dubnium. Ns - Nielsbohrium (107) Proposed name for bohrium. Nt - Niton (86) Suggested name for radon. Ny - Neoytterbium (70) Former name of ytterbium. Od - Odinium (62) Suggested name for samarium. Pc - Policium (110) Proposed name for darmstadtium. Pe - Pelopium (41) Former name for niobium. Po - Potassium (19) Current symbol is K. Rf - Rutherfordium (106) Proposed name for seaborgium. The symbol and name were instead used for element 104. Sa - Samarium (62) Current symbol is Sm. So - Sodium (11) Current symbol is Na. Sp - Spectrium (70) Suggested name for ytterbium. St - Antimony (51) Current symbol is Sb. Tn - Tungsten (74) Current symbol is W. Tu - Thulium (69) Current symbol is Tm. Tu - Tungsten (74) Current symbol is W. Ty - Tyrium (60) Suggested name for neodymium. Unb - Unnilbium (102) Temporary name given to nobelium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. Une - Unnilennium (109) Temporary name given to meitnerium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. Unh - Unnilhexium (106) Temporary name given to seaborgium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. Uno - Unniloctium (108) Temporary name given to hassium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. Unp - Unnilpentium (105) Temporary name given to dubnium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. Unq - Unnilquadium (104) Temporary name given to rutherfordium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. Uns - Unnilseptium (107) Temporary name given to bohrium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. Unt - Unniltrium (103) Temporary name given to lawrencium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. Unu - Unnilunium (101) Temporary name given to mendelevium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. Uub - Ununbium (112) Temporary name given to copernicium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. Uun - Ununnilium (110) Temporary name given to darmstadtium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. Uuu - Unununium (111) Temporary name given to roentgenium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. Vi - Virginium (87) Discredited claim to discovery of francium. Vm - Virginium (87) Discredited claim to discovery of francium. Yt - Yttrium (39) Current symbol is Y. Placeholder names basically express the atomic number of an element. These names are replaced by official names once the IUPAC verifies the element discovery and approves a new name and element symbol.

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau - Essay Example It will illustrate the historical supposition of the Bureau creation, its main duties and responsibilities, the purpose for the Bureau, and the analysis of its operation. First, it is worth saying that a new consumer financial protection agency, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, was created to protect Americans’ personal finance transactions. It may seem that the creation of Bureau was a result of Congresss effort to reorganize the industry of banking thus preventing the possible economic crises in the future. In the article â€Å"Consumer agency will clarify financial products costs, terms† the interviewer and the advocate for creating the agency Elizabeth Warren, a Harvard law professor and chairwoman of the Congressional Oversight Panel, explained that the new Bureau would give a chance  to American families   to obtain financial security. First published in 2007 in the Democracy Journal, the idea of creating the new bureau described a feisty â€Å"Financial Product Safety Commission† whose agents would be known further to the Americans as firefighters (DePillis, 2011). The creation of the Bureau was called to rule governing consumer financial services and products that included mortgages and credit cards; it was also called to make loan terms and costs more transparent for the Americans. The agency would made credit cards and mortgages easy to follow, avoiding the fine print blurring of risk and cost. The agency was called to make the market more competitive; however, it was not aimed to facilitate the consumers in their purchase responsibilities and to make decisions on money (Mantell, 2010). Elizabeth Warren did not call the agency a â€Å"nanny†, but the force that will allow the market work again and will bring the transparency. In certain period, such transparency will allow penalty fees and charges to go down and credit products to become cheaper. The agency will measure the risk in the financial system, however, it will not ensure

The Police Interaction with the Criminal Justice System Term Paper - 1

The Police Interaction with the Criminal Justice System - Term Paper Example Community policing has become the national mantra of the American police. For more than 15 years police officers, problem-oriented policing and community have been advanced as powerful organizing themes of public safety. The term police, itself means civil administration and police departments have been in charge of the administration of the city, unlike the military force. The police represent the civil power of government. The first organized American police department was created in Boston in 1838. The police forces have been deployed during riots and they worked according to the instructions provided to them by the administrative departments. The hierarchy of police system is directly under the political parties and it has resulted in distrust of people on police forces. It has been observed that the police system works for public welfare and they play a pivotal role in maintaining peace and safety in the society. The police departments of United States of America are divided into several departments and agencies. The most prominent police department is the New York Police Department, which is accountable for any kind of criminal activity in the society. Each and every criminal activity is recorded in the file of the New York Police Department and this department is situated in several places in order to assure public safety. There are many similarities in the working style of the of the urban police system at present compared to the past. With the interference of external pressures including demands for honesty, efficiency, and crime control the focus of the police system has narrowed on crime. Criminal activities are first reported to police departments and they take legal and ethical actions to resolve the problems associated with the crime and present people convicted of the crime to the justice system. From a distant past to present it has been observed that much interference of political parties and capitalists in the working system of police has resulted in ignorance towards small crimes.

Comparing the ways Edgar Allen Poe and Bram Stoker convey horror through writing Essay Example for Free

Comparing the ways Edgar Allen Poe and Bram Stoker convey horror through writing Essay Through this essay you will see how although the writing style of Edgar Allen Poe in The Black Cat and the style of Bram stoker in The Judges House is completely different, they both manage to achieve the same effect leaving the reader anxious, excited, mystified and scared. Both these authors stories were written before the nineteen hundreds, a time when people were just understanding the ways the world works. In this time horror stories were very popular. The perspective of both Poems is different. In The black cat Poe writes in a first person perspective: Today I die and tomorrow I would unburden my soul. Where as Stoker writes in a third person perspective: Malcolm Malcolmson made up his mind. The use of third person in this story displays the feelings of more than one character and you can build up more fear than first person by using devices such as rhetorical questions by other characters for example when Mrs Cranford cries not the Judges house! it creates the feeling of horror and helplessness. First person perspective makes you feel sorrow for the character. If Edgar Allen Poe had written the black cat in Third person perspective You wouldnt get the emphasis of his emotions, how he feels regret of what he has done, fear of this new animal and superstitious about the strange imprint on the wall. For example, when he writes gradually, very gradually I came to look up on it with unutterable loathing. This really emphasises the hated of the animal, an emotion that would not have been able to have been shown to that extent in third person. It is also more believable as it is through the eyes of the beholder. At the start of the black cat Poe starts off very secretively, he writes of something horrible that has happened to him, but he will not expand on what this occurrence is: These events have terrified, tortured and destroyed me. This suspense adds to the mystery of the first scene. Poe writes, tomorrow I die showing something horrible has happened to him. The fact that this is not in chronological order keep you wondering throughout the story what is going to happen and keeps you in suspense. It also keeps you trying to link the current storyline to death, for example, when it says about the new cat: It was a black cat a very large cat-fully as large as Pluto and closely resembling him you are thinking how this new cat could be linked to his death. Stoker, however has a very different approach to build up mystery. He uses setting whereas Poe does not. When he describes the lodgings he describes it as a gothic residence: with heavy gables and small windows set higher than was customary in such houses. Gothic residences have always been associated with death and fear in horror movies. He describes the village as empty: desolation was the only term for conveying a suitable idea of its isolation the idea of a desolate empty place is the perfect setting for a horror story. The fact that the house has been empty for so long indicates something dreadful has happened there. The locals all seem to know something dreadful about the house. It seems that Malcolm is the only person who doesnt know whats going on there. When Mrs Cranford cries at him not the judges house! it creates a feeling of dread for what is going to happen to Mr Malcolmson. Poe uses superstition to add to the mystery. The first little bit of superstition is when he reveals that his wife believes that all black cats are witches in disguise. This brief, initial introduction of superstition creates mystery in your head, and it makes you think, what if black cats are really witches in disguise. When the cat imprint appears on the wall, the character tries to dismiss the supernatural happening with a far fetched logical explanation. He tries to say that someone tossed the hanging corpse of the cat in through the window to try and wake him up. He then tried to say that because the wall was freshly spread plaster, it did not fall down. He said that the ammonia from the carcass had made the impression on the wall. Edgar Allen Poe had purposely made this string of events unbelievable so that the reader would know that there was something strange going on. I think that the imprint was a symbol that the cat was not dead and that it was an omen that it was going to come back to haunt him. The new cat was very suspicious, the fact that it looked a lot like Pluto made you think that it was a demonic symbol of Pluto. The cat gets more and more attached to him but he is reluctant to interact with it because he feels the supernatural element of this situation. He begins to hate the cat and the fact that it is always around him: Its evident fondness for myself rather disgusted and annoyed me but he wont harm the cat for fear of what will happen and regret of his previous crime: at times although I longed to destroy it with a blow I was withheld from doing so partly by memory of my former crime but chiefly let me confess it at once by absolute dread of the beast. The fact that it wont leave him alone, and that drives him madder and more angry makes it seem like the new cat is testing his willpower to leave it alone. His fear grows as the cat follows his every step. The only difference between Pluto and the new cat was a white splodge on its belly. It turns out later that this splodge is actually a image of gallows. The image grows in size until the character can clearly make out the image. his realisation of what this means is clearly shown in this quote Gallows! oh mournful and terrible engine of horror and crime of agony and of death. He has realised his fate death. He feels remorse for what he had done to Pluto. He knows that this beast is an image of Pluto. A symbol of god: a brute beast to work out for me-for me, a man fashioned in the image of the high god oh insufferable woe! He believes its is god in disguise of a cat Stoker also uses supernatural elements. Every night the rats come out and make a lot of noise. They run up and down the alarm bell. They all stop suddenly a run away as a giant rat comes down the alarm bell. The rats are scared of this larger rat indicating that this rat is evil. Stokers description of the rat makes it sound evil: It showed its great white teeth and its cruel eyes shone in the lamplight. When Malcolmson throws a book at the creature to try and scare it, but it does not flinch. But when he throws a bible at the rat it scampers away. This indication of good/evil shows that the rat is evil. It is well known that Satanic beings such as this rat fear holy objects such as a bible and a cross. When Malcolmson realises that the rats eyes are identical to the picture of the Judge the figure of the judge disappears. He then turns round and sees the judge. The judge smiled in a cruel way: With his baleful eyes glaring vindictively, and a smile of triumph on his face The judge does not say much in this last scene, I think this is important. Stoker did this so his character was not totally revealed. He remained a mysterious character. The descriptions of horror in The Black cat are very in depth: I grasped the poor beast by its throat and purposely cut out one of its eyes from its socket.. He doesnt linger on this for long. These shock tactics really build up the horror in this story by making you feel horrified and shocked. Another example of this is when he kills his wife: I withdrew my arm from her grasp, and buried the axe in her brain. This again shows the shock tactics used when describing the horror scenes. His violence gets gradually worse. All his violence is triggered by anger or drink: Through the instrumentality of the fiend intemperance had (I blush to confess it)experiences a radical alteration for the worst. I grew day by day more moody, more irritable regardless for the feeling of others. First he verbally abuses his wife, this turns to physical violence towards his wife and animals except Pluto: I suffered myself to use intemperate language towards my wife. At length I even offered her personal violence. My pets of course were made to feel the change in my disposition. I not only neglected, but ill-used them. Then he cut out Plutos eye when he scrammed him on the face. This again is due to him drinking. Poe writes one night, returning home much intoxicated. The guilt of doing this to Pluto and the sadness that it once had loved him got to him and he hung the cat in cold blood: I hung it with tears streaming from my eyes this shows his remorse when hanging him. The guilt of what he had done prevented him from hurting the new cat, until one day when the cat nearly tripped him up in the cellar he grabbed and axe, but his wife prevented him from killing by grabbing the axe. He then split her head open with the axe. The violence gradually gets worse and worse, building up the horror as it goes along. Stoker uses less graphic description, but instead uses reactions of characters to create the fear: not the judges house. This, I think is one of the main advantages of introducing characters into the plot. A disadvantage is that it can take the focus of the main character. They both use pattering to create fear in their stories. In the Judges house the same thing happens every night. He drinks too much tea, then out came the rats making all the noise and finally they all stopped when the large rat emerged. This also happens in the black cat. His violent acts are all triggered by alcohol. Pattering creates suspense, which in turn makes you wonder how does this link with what is happening in the story. The two writers both use logical explanations to try and explain why these things are happening. In the black cat, The character makes up a ludicrous explanation to explain why there was an imprint on the wall. He tries to say that someone must have thrown the cat through the window in an attempt to wake him up. He says that the wall didnt fall down because it had just been plastered and that the ammonia from the carcass has made the imprint on the wall. In The Judges house Malcolmsons explanation for all the events that are happening is that he was drinking too much tea and it was making him delusional. Both of these are deliberately far fetched so that the reader knows that something super natural is going on. Stoker uses a more descriptive style in his writing. He describes the scene, the weather and the people in far more depth than Poe: The carving of the oak on the panels of the wainscot was fine, and on and round the windows and doors it was beautiful and of rare merit. I prefer the descriptive writing of Stoker because it creates an image in your mind. Especially with the weather. Stoker uses the weather to great effect. When the thunder was lashing down toy could tell something bad was going to happen. This effect is used in a lot of horror stories. In my opinion, I prefer Stokers method of creating horror. I think the introduction of characters brings in a new element to the story. It creates an atmosphere of bewilderment and isolation. I say isolation because everyone seemed to know what was going on but Mr Malcolmson. However, as a whole I think I preferred The Black cat by Edgar Allen Poe. I think this is because I am used to modern stories, and this storyline is a bit more advanced and modernised than The Judges House. As I am used to modern horror stories I can relate to this story better. I think that the plot has some realism to it, more so that Stokers story. I dont think Stokers story was linked together very well and it all seemed a bit distant.

Essay --

Leedy and Ormrod (2001) have studied the inventory policies and the inventory techniques that a company manages to incorporate in its armory to a great extent. They have said that the inventory policies or techniques that are commonly used are ABC analysis, XYZ analysis, VED analysis, Analysis of stock levels etc. The main importance of the inventory tools like inventory categorization tools that the company follows mainly is seen at a cost level. The cost component is given the major importance whereas the other benefits that arise out of it are not realized, even though it is achieved. Thus the advantages regarding the cost aspect is beautifully explained in this study, but as mentioned in the study, the other factors that are benefited from inventory management are not touched down to very fine detail. But from this study, the fact that can be ascertained is that there is a connect between the inventory policies and the improvement of customer service, but it is more or less not r elated to. Trent and Handfield (2002) have given a very detailed study of the customer perceptions towards a firm, customer service levels, service quality aspect and the determinants that arise in a company which leads to good customer service. The basic thing what the authors want to say in this study is that the customers would always like to see the company that is serving them to be rid of inefficiencies. Also the consumption of the product, if achieved by the customer on time or by the time the customer is expecting it to be consumed is a major factor in the customer perception towards the company, and there is no doubt that such factors can only have a positive impact on the perception of the customer. Pycraft (2000) has stated about the hap... ...n managing the affairs of the departments which may not be directly interacting with the customers, but whose services would surely impact the service quality. †¢ It should be clearly understood that factors like presentability and aestheticity, discounts etc are not the only factors which would impress customers. Good service comes from following basics and this can be achieved by having a good inventory policy. 6.3 CONCLUSION We can conclude by saying that if we want to have a good image on the minds of the customers, then we have to be efficient in our services and our co ordination has to be impeccable. All this can be achieved through following of a good inventory techniques. Thus we should not neglect the inventory aspects of the company and focus on other things which may look good, but won’t help in improving efficiencies and delighting the customers.

Digital Classroom Essay

I was really wondering what can I learn English when I came here. Because before I couldn’t go to course about English . I haven’t got an idea. After that we’ve seen two different classroom. Conventional and digital classroom. World is changing everyday. Person finds new technologies idea for everything. And I’m absolutely agree this statement what people learning English are able to make greater progress when using a variety of learning technologies within the classroom. I really like digital classroom. There are lots of advantages. In my opinion IWB is incredible . It looks like game and everybody like to play game. All word use to internet and computer because of this people can be to more interested with lesson. Some times we can want to speak with our friends and we can use to Synchron Eyes. I’m feeling comfortable to digital classroom. Pegasus is helpful for me. I can do some mistakes when I write by handed and after that maybe I can’t see my mistakes. But if I use to Pegasus I can see all my mistakes end of the exam or homework and maybe I can forget my homework but if I look for in the Pegasus I can see my homework. I used to conventional classroom for 23 years. Sometimes computers can’t work . there can be some digital problems. What can I do this time. I can use my book. We’re really old friends with my book. If I am in classroom I want to see my book and I want to use my pencil. This is really important for me. I want to write some notes on the book.  As a result two different classroom has a good speciality. I feel confused but actually digital class is better than conventional class.

Macbeth Compared to Hitler

Although literature is fiction, often the conflict in a work will be strikingly similar to that of a real event. For example, the central issue of the abusive dictatorship of Macbeth in Macbeth, by William Shakespeare parallels that of the terrorizing dictatorship of Adolf Hitler during the early part of the Twentieth Century. In both of these horrible situations, there is a similarity in the challenging rise to power each must go through, their traumatizing dictatorships which destroyed many lives, and the treacherous downfall which ultimately led to their demise. Macbeth and Hitler were both loved by their people, but both charismatic leaders manipulated the people to gain power. Macbeth was respected and loved by the King and the people of Scotland. When the Thane of Cawdor lost his battle, the King of Scotland decreed him to death and elected the victorious General Macbeth to the position of Thane. Duncan said to Macbeth once he was Thane of Cawdor, â€Å"My Worthy Cawdor† (1. 4. 54). Duncan respected Macbeth and trusted him as Thane of Cawdor Macbeth had previously been visited by three witches when he was with Banquo and was told that he would never become king. The witches said to Banquo that Macbeth will never be king and the King’s sons would eventually become kings and rule the land. Macbeth was jealous and knew he had to kill the king in order to gain power. Lady Macbeth and Macbeth created the plot to kill Duncan and seize power through force. Their plan was to kill Duncan and blame it on the guards by putting the bloody daggers in the hands of the guards. Lady Macbeth and Macbeth followed through with the plan and Duncan's sons ran away. Then Macbeth turns around and blames the sons because they left right when Duncan died. The people of Scotland believed the story and Macbeth falsely gained respect from the people and gained power. In a similar parallel, Hitler too gained power by manipulating the people of Germany to earn their respect. Hitler and his country were in the middle of an economic depression during the early Twentieth Century, and this was a ripe time for a charismatic leader to emerge. The times were tough for the people of Germany and Hitler saw that he could gain power with a little manipulation and appealing to the desperate people’s needs. Hitler ran for president and made many hopeful, inspirational speeches to large crowds of people. When Hitler was in his campaign to regain power in the Nazi party, he threw a speech in a large hall. People were amazed at how well he spoke and seemed to know their problems and were inspired. â€Å" Former party leaders, who had come only to watch, now marched onto the platform, shook his hand, or embraced him. †(Stewart 46). The German people fell in love with him and followed his political rise very closely and supported his message. Even though Hitler lost two close political races to Paul von Hindenburg, he ended up succeeding him in office when von Hindenburg died and made it possible for Hitler to become president. Hitler needed more support to legalize his Nazi party. In order to gain more support, Hitler set fire to the Parliament building in Germany. The German people were scared and Hitler told the public that the communist had set the building on fire. The people falsely believed him and had trust in Hitler giving him more power than ever before. Macbeth and Hitler’s dictatorships were both terrorizing and frightful, especially to the two groups of people they ruled. When Macbeth was in power, he was paranoid of a conspiracy being launched against him. Macbeth was so paranoid that he had spies in every house, and killed many innocent people. Macbeth feared that Banquo, his friend, was talking about him and grew weary of him. He hired three murderers to kill Banquo once he set off from Macbeth’s kingdom. Macbeth thought he saw Banquo’s ghost and thought that it came back to haunt him. Macbeth seemed to have been losing his mind and he was guilty of Duncan’s death. Macbeth killed his own friend because he thought Duncan was trying to take power back. He had been so paranoid that he had a spy in every house to report of any conspiracies among the people. If the spies would hear anything, Macbeth would kill those who the spies reported back on. Hitler’s dictatorship was long, terrifying, and stressful. Hitler was in the middle of a war when he was in power. He had the whole world fighting against him as he was trying to gain control of the whole world. Hitler had been so stressed and tired from war that he was mentally unstable. To cope with the long and stressful war, Hitler took drugs. The drugs made him an even worse and cruel dictator. Hitler started genocide in his home country. He persecuted the Jewish population and put them in extermination camps. This dilemma was known to be the Holocaust. Hitler killed six million innocent Jewish people. Hitler and the Nazis soldiers burned, shot, and gassed the Jews. Once in a concentration camp in Germany, the Nazis said â€Å" Beat Those Jews†(Rees 179). Hitler made the Germans and Nazis convinced that they should kill many innocent and harmless people. Hitler grew weary of conspiracy. He thought people were out to get him. Hitler created the Nazi police. The Nazi police were run by Himmler. The police ran on the principles of â€Å"If you don’t speak you don’t get hurt†. The police insured that no one was speaking against Hitler and his political decisions. Macbeth and Hitler both had a treacherous downfall. Macbeth was mentally unstable and he was making poor decisions. Macbeth was being attacked from Birnam Woods by the English army and Macduff. The prophecies were coming true that the woods would walk to Macbeth’s kingdom and kill him. The English army picked up branches to disguise themselves and hide their numbers. Macbeth and everyone were falling apart and knew they were going to die. Lady Macbeth knew what was coming, and had enough of Macbeth and his terrible reign and took her own life. When Seyton heard a cry from the castle, he found that she died. Seyton said to Macbeth, â€Å" The Queen, My lord, is dead†(5. 5. 16). Macbeth had lost everything he lived for and his kingdom. Macduff found Macbeth for a standoff. Macbeth accepted his fate and fought with courage. Macbeth died and Malcolm took the crown and became king. Hitler’s downfall was treacherous and lethal. Hitler was in the middle of a war and his army was weakening. The allies were closing in on him and his nation was being destroyed. Hitler was so stressed from the war and all of his struggles that he became crazy and addicted to drugs. While he was in reign, he had 42 assassination attempts against his life. Many of the attempts were from his high ranking generals, and political powers. The people could no longer take what he was doing to the country. Hitler took his own life by shooting himself. Macbeth and Hitler’s rise to power, dictatorship, and downfall are similar but occurred in different times. Hitler and Macbeth were both loved by people of their country. They both manipulated facts and used this to gain the people’s trust and respect. Both Hitler and Macbeth killed many innocent people. Both men were involved in war. Ultimately, both Macbeth and Hitler were both attacked from various forces. Both men accepted their fate and died. Hitler killed himself, and Macbeth died in his last stand against Macduff.

Finding A Common Theme In Assigned Reading Example

Finding A Common Theme In Assigned Reading Example Finding A Common Theme In Assigned Reading – Book Report/Review Example Lecturer Book Review Based on my own analysis, I would like to report that morality is the most common theme discussed by the of these books. Although they approach it from different perspectives, morality still stands out as a major sociological issue in these publications. To begin with, Eyal Press, in the Beautiful Souls: The Courage and Conscience of Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times Eyal Press discusses how an immoral society can be unhealthy for the survival of its diverse population. In chapter 1, he gives an example of the Nazi government which did not recognize the role of freedom and equality amongst all the people. Instead, it advanced its dictatorial rule to oppress and ruthlessly deal with people like Paul Gruninger and Alecsander Jevtic who, in their moral senses, single-handedly questioned the immoral actions of the autocratic regime.In Greater Equality: The Hidden Key to Better Health and Higher Scores, Wilkinson Richard and Pickett Kate questions the loss of mor al values in countries like USA. As a result of the emerging individualism, people have lost their morality and instead think of their own welfare. In their opinion, these authors insinuate that such kind of attitude has promoted inequality, a vice which torments the society in many ways. Lastly, Richard T. Schaefer addresses the same concern in chapters 8 and 9 of his book, Sociology Matters; he is convinced that such immoral acts can be eradicated if people make a good use of the sociological agents such as family, education and religion. As they explain, these are very important social institutions which can be relied upon by the entire society.

Equilibrium Concentration Example Problem

Equilibrium Concentration Example Problem This example problem demonstrates how to calculate the equilibrium concentrations from initial conditions and the reactions equilibrium constant. This equilibrium constant example concerns a reaction with a small equilibrium constant. Problem: 0.50 moles of N2 gas is mixed with 0.86 moles of O2 gas in a 2.00 L tank at 2000 K. The two gasses react to form nitric oxide gas by the reactionN2(g) O2(g) ↔ 2 NO(g).What are the equilibrium concentrations of each gas?Given: K 4.1 x 10-4 at 2000 K Solution: Step 1 -Â  Find initial concentrations: [N2]o 0.50 mol/2.00 L [N2]o 0.25 M [O2]o 0.86 mol/2.00 L [O2]o 0.43 M [NO]o 0 M Step 2 -Â  Find equilibrium concentrations using assumptions about K: The equilibrium constant K is the ratio of products to reactants. If K is a very small number, you would expect there to be more reactants than products. In this case, K 4.1 x 10-4 is a small number. In fact, the ratio indicates there are 2439 times more reactants than products. We can assume very little N2 and O2 will react to form NO. If the amount of N2 and O2 used is X, then only 2X of NO will form. This means at equilibrium, the concentrations would be [N2] [N2]o - X 0.25 M - X[O2] [O2]o - X 0.43 M - X[NO] 2XIf we assume X is negligible compared to the concentrations of the reactants, we can ignore their effects on the concentration[N2] 0.25 M - 0 0.25 M[O2] 0.43 M - 0 0.43 MSubstitute these values in the expression for the equilibrium constantK [NO]2/[N2][O2]4.1 x 10-4 [2X]2/(0.25)(0.43)4.1 x 10-4 4X2/0.10754.41 x 10-5 4X21.10 x 10-5 X23.32 x 10-3 XSubstitute X into the equilibrium concentration expressions[N2] 0.25 M[O2] 0.43 M[NO] 2X 6.64 x 10-3 MStep 3 - Test your assumption:When you make assumptions, you should test your assumption and check your answer. This assumption is valid for values of X within 5% of the concentrations of the reactants.Is X less than 5% of 0.25 M?Yes - it is 1.33% of 0.25 MIs X less than 5% of 0.43 MYes - it is 0.7% of 0.43 MPlug your answer back into the equilibrium constant equationK [NO]2/[N2][O2]K (6.64 x 10-3 M)2/(0.25 M)(0.43 M)K 4.1 x 10-4The value of K agrees with the value given at the beginning of the problem. The assumption is proven valid. If the value of X was greater than 5% of the concentration, then the quadratic equation would have to be used as in this example problem. Answer: The equilibrium concentrations of the reaction are[N2] 0.25 M[O2] 0.43 M[NO] 6.64 x 10-3 M

The Economic Rationale for Road Pricing is Compelling Essay

The Economic Rationale for Road Pricing is Compelling - Essay Example The European Union is studying the marginal cost of pricing in the arena of transportation for about a decade now. The Union funded many ongoing projects in this field. The RAC Foundation handed over the responsibility of determining the mechanisms of motoring taxes to the independent institute of fiscal studies. They were asked to investigate whether the taxes are equitable and justifiable. The report from the institution mentioned the issue of cabotage and stated that the hauliers belonging to the other countries have the potential to deliver goods into the market of UK by paying lower taxes on diesel or ignoring the duty rates of the country (Gillen, 2007, p. 1-2). Road Transport and economics A key role is played by transportation in the economic scenario of today. A term, transport economics is used now to identify the role of transport in economy. The supply is determined by the capacity carriers offer to the travelers while the demand is determined by the number of trips the t ravelers takes within a particular time frame. In order to witness a booming economy it is necessary to maintain a steady system of transport that allows fluent access of goods and services across the country. If the goods get delay because of lacks in transport facilities the profits will fall which will take its toll on the level of efficiency. An efficient transport system will create employment opportunities (Croner, 2012). A vast majority of labor is necessary to carry out the responsibilities of transporting goods to the various places quickly. When the economy is not on its course people are less willing to travel and the economy suffers while in the booming situation frequent traveling not only creates more job opportunities but also contributes in strengthening the transport system. The road transportation is more popular where people tend to find the less costly method of transportation. The road transportation facilities are characterized by monopolistic competition which revolves around the conditions of supply and demand. The products or the services offered in the monopolistic competitive market are same but cannot be substituted. The differentiation in the offered products provides choices for the consumers and the consumers can take the decision on which product they want to avail. This factor acts as the catalysts to drive in more competition into the market as well as new innovations which are less costly and more effective (Seely, 2012, p. 2) The report The report of the IFS recommended a move to a more diverged system of road pricing. The revenues raised as a resultant can be used to reduce the taxes on motor transport. Such a measure is thought to generate sufficient economic gains from reduction in congestion. The measure is also thought to reduce the levied taxes on the majority of driven miles, and leave a certain portion of the motorists in a better off situation as well as provide a stable footing for the taxes on motoring without tak ing any additional measures to raise the net additional benefits from the drivers. The use of roads generates costs that are borne not only by the motorists but also by the wider society. Therefore externalities are accrued to the system of road taxes or the system of road pricing. These externalities suggest that in the absence of effective pricing or taxation policies there is inefficient high level of road use. The taxes have the

Anth2 Final Exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anth2 Final Exam - Assignment Example Intimate relations of close family members or incest are usually regarded as a taboo which may be disastrous. 5. Family status influences gender role in that the conduct of single and married people is different. Ethnic culture is another factor that affects gender roles whereby certain ethnic backgrounds may be passive than others and vice versa. 7. Leadership in tribes is uncentralized due to lack or very little forms of stratification. In case stratification is present, the leadership in place determines its level. On the other hand, chiefdoms are centralized with highly regarded and exalted leaders. Therefore, the leader has more control over subjects in his domain more than at the tribe level. 8. Formal means of social regulation or control refers to the external undertakings by civil authority to deter development or establishment of anomie within the society. On the contrary, the informal means alludes to socialization which causes internalization of values that impart morally accepted behaviors within the society. 9. Both these rites have great importance attached to them because they usually bring the community closer when they are being undertaken. In this regards, they serve a means of improving relationships among people and creating harmony within a community. 10. One way in which religion and magic are similar is use of rituals. Rituals are actions or undertakings which are accompanied by vague chanting. Secondly, these two also have unique symbols that are both mystical and spiritual. These symbols are routinely used during the time of rituals. Besides, these two also believe in the contagion principle where there is continued connection and communication between two objects that had been in contact and are separated. 11. One of the functions of revitalization cults is to deliver the followers from deprivation which is political in nature. This is important for amelioration

R v Hayter [2005] Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

R v Hayter [2005] - Essay Example When another co – accused is implicated in a confession, then that person has no opportunity to challenge it. Moreover, the maker may have an ulterior motive in implicating that person (McGourlay, 2006, p. 133). In this case, Hayter’s appeal failed, as the House of Lords ruled that the jury was empowered to decide the guilt of Ryan on the basis of his out of court statement, and thereafter to use this finding of guilt as evidence against Hayter. It was opined by their Lordships that there was no justification for not using the guilt of Ryan as a fact evidentially against Hayter (Taylor, 2012, p. 120). In R v Hayter, the first defendant, approached the second defendant Hayter, in order to get her husband killed. The second defendant Hayter, thereupon, hired the third defendant Ryan, to execute her husband (House of Lords, Session 2004 – 2005, 2005). All the defendants were convicted of murder by the jury. In his appeal, Hayter contended that the judge had erred in law by directing the jury that if they convicted Ryan of murder, then they could employ their finding that Ryan was the murderer, as evidence in the case against Hayter. The latter also relied on the ground that the judge had erred in law by not withdrawing the case from the jury, when the Crown’s case was closed (Regina v Hayter, 2005). The court ruled that in a joint trial involving defendants for a joint offence, the jury could use their findings of one of the defendants’ guilt, which was entirely founded on that defendant’s out of court statement, as a fact with regard to another defendant in that case. However, the jury had to be sufficiently certain regarding the veracity of such evidence. While admitting such evidence, the main consideration is whether it is relevant in the sense that it either disproves or establishes a fact in issue. It will also have to be ascertained whether such evidence has a probative

The Media Access Delay Information Technology Essay

The Media Access Delay Information Technology Essay OPNET Modeller is the network development software. OPNET permits design and learn communication networks, devices, protocols, and application. OPNETs object-oriented modelling stylishness and graphical user interface (GUI) let easy of developing models from the real world network, hardware devices, and protocols. Modeller supports all major network forms and technologies, permitting you to design and test various situations. (Opnet) Introduction I have deliberated various Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for Wireless local Area (WLAN) Networks. To choose the best one surrounded by the existing protocols, it is necessary to have a network model scenario and some performance metrics on the basis of which they can be assessed. In this paper, various metrics for comparing the performance of MAC protocols and a network model to carry out simulation is discussed. At the end of this chapter, results obtained from the simulation in the form of graphs will be presented. DCF EDCF Metrics Picking the correct metrics or parameters in the evaluation of the QoS (Quality of Service) mechanisms is vital to the result and rationality of the evaluation. The metrics used are Throughput, Access Delay, and End to End Delay in case of real-time multimedia traffic like VoIP, Video streaming (Video conferencing), response time in case of Telnet or Remote Login; type applications which cannot tolerate delay and loss of data. Retransmission Attempts in case a station does not get a chance due to internal collision. The following list below is the item of metrics used: Throughput The Throughput for different priority levels shows how well the QoS schemes can provide service differentiation between the various priorities. The Throughput of all stations shows the utilization of the wireless medium. Wireless bandwidth is a scarce resource, so efficient use of it is vital. Media Access Delay We measure access delay as the time from when the data reaches the MAC layer until it is successfully transmitted out on the wireless medium. The reason for studying average access delay is that many real-time applications have a maximum tolerable delay, after which the data will be useless. Therefore, it is important to provide low delay for real-time flows. Retransmission Attempts Total number of Retransmission Attempts by all Wireless Local Area Network MACs in the network until either packet is successfully transmitted or it is discarded as a result of reaching short or long retry limit. For 802.11e-capable MACs, the Retransmission Attempt counts recorded under this statistic also include retry count increments due to internal collisions. This factor plays important role in Performance of WLAN. Data Dropped Data Dropped due to unavailability of access to medium. This factor largely affects the reliability of WLAN. Simulation Scenario Creating a simulation scenario that is corresponding to real world scenario is the first step of simulation. In this simulation, the wireless topology consisted of several wireless stations and one base station in the wireless LAN. The base station was connected to a wired node (Figure 2.1) which serves as a sink for the flows from the wireless domain. All wireless stations are located such that every station is able to detect a transmission from any other station, and there is no mobility in the system. This means our results will not be impacted by mobility and phenomenon such as the hidden node problem. Figure 2.1 Wi-Fi network models The simulation experiments are carried out using OPNET Simulator version 9.1 on Windows XP SP3. For this simulation, a data rate of 11 Mbps is chosen. Various MAC and PHY (Physical Layer of OSI) parameter values used in our experiment are according to IEEE 802.11e default values given in Table 2.1. We have run the simulation for 5 minutes for each scenario, and then compared the results obtained from them. Figure 2.1 shows a network model for the experiment. Table 2.1: MAC and PHY parameter values used in Experiment ATTRIBUTE VALUE Physical Characteristics Direct Sequence Data Rate (bps) 11 Mbps Transmit Power (W) 0.005 Buffer Size (bits) 256000 BSS Identifier Auto Assigned Channel settings Auto Assigned Roaming Capability Disabled AP Beacon Interval (secs) 0.02 Large Packet Processing Drop Simulation Method To compare the performance of DCF (Distributed Coordination Function) and EDCF (Enhanced Distributed Coordination Function) two scenarios were created; medium access in first scenario was supported by DCF and in second, EDCF protocol was used at the MAC layer. Network environment factors which were used as a benchmark configured same for both scenarios. Detailed specifications are given in the Table 2.1 showing the MAC and PHY parameters used in experiment. The performance evaluation is done by simulating both scenarios one by one in OPNET simulator and then comparing the graphs obtained. Results After choosing metrics, the simulation is done for 5 minutes for a scenario. Then results were gathered. Analysis of EDCF In case of EDCF, all four traffic classes were fed into the MAC layer from higher layer, which are corresponding to AC (0), AC (1), AC (2) and AC (3) respectively to check how efficient the new protocol is to provide service differentiation required for real time application. (Note that DCF does not support service differentiation, so no provision of Access category). For this, in the application profile of scenario (for EDCF protocol) different application was configured for different access category. Details are shown in the Table 4.1. Table 4.1 Access Category corresponding to an application ACCESS CATEGORY APPLICATION CONFIGURED DESIGNATION AC(0) HTTP (LIGHT) BACKGROUND AC(1) REMOTE LOGIN (HEAVY) EXCELLENT EFFORT AC(2) VIDEO CONFERENCING INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA AC(3) VOIP INTERACTIVE VOICE In the profile configuration, a profile for clients was configured that uses all the four applications. In simulation scenario, 15 stations were configured to use these services randomly. In the simulation, we assumed that each traffic class has the equal portion of the total data traffic in terms of the average number of packets generated per unit time. The results obtained are as follows: Throughput of Different Access Categories Figure 4.2 Throughputs of Different Access Categories It is observed from figure 4.2 that the Throughput of Access category 3 is way high than the Access category 0 and 1. Throughput for Access category 2 lies in between 3 and 1. It means that Throughput for applications like Voice over IP and Video conferencing, EDCF provides maximum Throughput by providing them more priority over the other services like simple HTTP. Media Access Delay for Different Access Categories Figure 4.3 Wireless LAN Media Access Delay It is observed from figure 4.3 that the Media Access Delay for Access category 3 is at minimum among all Access categories. Media Access Delay for Access category 2 is just 3 to 4 seconds more than AC (3). It means that the medium is assigned to the application according to the priority. Thus, EDCF provides lesser Medium Access Delay for real-time applications. Comparative Analysis of DCF and EDCF Next step is to check the performance of both protocols in terms of Throughput, Media Access Delay, Retransmission Attempts and Data Dropped. These four metrics are determining factors in terms of overall performance of both the protocols. Throughput Figure 4.4 Throughput of DCF vs. EDCF It is observed from figure 4.4 that in the first 30 seconds of simulation, Throughput of both DCF and EDCF is high, but then after that, it decreases with time and stabilizes for both protocols. Throughput in first 30 seconds is high due to less number of Retransmission Attempts (less number of backoffs). From Graph analysis, one fact is clearly visible, that curve of DCF is marginally higher than that of EDCF. We can conclude that DCFs overall Throughput is somewhat more than the EDCF. Retransmission Attempts Figure 4.5 Retransmission Attempts of DCF vs. EDCF It is observed from figure 4.5 that in the first 30 seconds of simulation, Retransmission Attempts for both DCF and EDCF are less, but then after that, it decreases with time and stabilizes for both protocols. Retransmission Attempts in first 30 seconds are less due to less number of backoffs assigned to wireless stations. There is a small noticeable difference between curves of Retransmission Attempts of DCF and EDCF protocol. That small difference implies that the overall Retransmission Attempts made in DCF protocols are a bit lesser than EDCF protocol. Media Access Delay Figure 4.6 Media Access Delay of DCF vs. EDCF In Figure 4.6, for the first minute of simulation the Medium Access Delay for both protocols increases at equal pace, and then after that, DCF suffers somewhat lesser Access Delay than EDCF. The increase in the Medium Access Delay for both protocols is due to increase in the number of nodes competing to gain access of medium. Data Dropped Figure 4.7 amount of Data Dropped of DCF vs. EDCF It is observed from figure 4.7 that the first 30 seconds of simulation, DCF suffers a sudden high Data Drop, but Data Drop in EDCF increases gradually. The reason of varying Data Drop gradually in EDCF is the service differentiation which provides priority based scheme to handle different kind of data. After 2.5 minutes of simulation, curves of Data Dropped of DCF and EDCF remain same for both protocols, EDCF finishes at less Data Dropped than DCF. Conclusions Conclusion The results obtained from simulation shows that Enhanced Distribution Coordination Function provides efficient mechanism for service differentiation and hence provides quality of service to the Wireless LAN. However, this improvement comes at a cost of a decrease in quality of the lower priority traffic up to the point of starvation. The acquisition of the radio channel by the higher priority traffic is much more aggressive than for the lower priority. Higher priority traffic benefited, while lower priority traffic suffered. In terms of overall performance (under the used simulation conditions in this particular study of QoS of Wireless LAN), DCF performs marginally well than EDCF. This happens due to reason that in EDCF mechanism, each AC function acts like a virtual station for medium access, so more collision will be expected for EDCF scenario. But in terms of Quality of Service for real-time applications (like Video conferencing) EDCF outperforms DCF. EDCF has been purposed as the medium access control protocol for IEEEs upcoming standard IEEE 802.11e. Presently, all of the wireless devices use DCF as the default MAC protocol and PCF as the optional functionality.

Weed Kill Experiment Report :: essays research papers

Weed Kill Report ABSTRACT - The objective of this experiment is to determine which of three weed kill methods will be most successful in killing the Cobblers peg weed over a five day period. Two of the weed kill methods are natural - boiling water and vinegar solution. One of the weed kill methods is a weed spray Yates ZERO. The most effective weed kill was found by examining how fast and effectively each weed kill treatment killed its group of seventeen weeds which were separated into one of three foam boxes over a period of five days. The most successful method was found to be one of the natural methods, boiling water. The next best method was the herbicide and then the least successful method was the vinegar solution which killed none of its weeds. INTRODUCTION – My initial observation was that simple conservation actions such as reducing the use of pesticides can achieve measurable improvements in habitat quality and environmental health. Herbicides are toxic to most mammals as well as to the beneficial insects that you want to encourage in your garden. Sometimes herbicides seep into the ground water; causing contamination of which the long term effects are not known. Herbicide application can also result in drift or movement in the soil, this endangers wanted vegetation nearby. Herbicides are used far too rampantly. Excessive use of toxic herbicides is used when not necessary and because most are not aware of the many other natural alternatives. We must find more ways to cut back on the use of chemical herbicides and change to biological weed control methods. Foreign plants which turn into weeds are continuously being introduced to Australia both accidentally and intentionally. They can cause extreme damage to Australia’s environment, as they threaten the survival of many native plants. They are successful in growing as they - usually grow faster than native plants competing for nutrients, water, space etc, they survive better as they do not have the pests and diseases that would normally control them in their natural habitats, they take over the native plants that the native animals use for shelter, food and nesting. The Cobblers peg (Bidens pilosa) also known as farmers friend, Spanish needle and beggars tick was introduced from South America and has become a weed in Australia. Individual flowers are yellow with white petals and do not last for very long, eventually turning into seeds.

Relationship Between Teacher And Students

Similarly harmonizing to Moloi et Al. ( as cited in Mtika & A ; Gates, 2010 ) , group work is one of the schemes that can be utile in student-centered attacks. It does non merely assist pupils to discourse and portion thoughts with each other, but it besides helps to better pupils ‘ apprehension of some constructs and develop their communicating accomplishments. In the student-centered schoolroom, the instructor has to believe of pupils ‘ demands and the schoolroom is considered as a topographic point where pupils work together, in groups and as persons by promoting them to take portion in the acquisition procedure all the clip ( Jones, 2007 ) . In the student-centered schoolroom, the instructor should cognize about their pupils ‘ background. Teachers should see what they may cognize or make non cognize about their pupils because it helps to make the schoolroom conditions that are antiphonal to the larning demands of the pupils ( Hodson, 2002 ) . Furthermore, in soc ietal constructivist classrooms the relationship between instructor and pupils are much more dynamically involved, so that the instructor ‘s function is much more demanding to let and actively promote acknowledgment, rating, and Reconstruction ( Gunstone and Northfield every bit cited in Hand et al. , 1997 ) . A A A A A The size for effectual student-centered schoolrooms can be organized into big group ( category with 25-30 pupils ) , average size ( 5-8 pupils ) , little group ( 3-5 pupils ) , pair group ( 2 pupils ) and a instructor and a pupil ( merely in particular status ) ( MoEYS, 2002a ) . Furthermore, schoolroom agreements, particularly classroom infinite and resources like chairs and tabular arraies for big group activities are besides of import because appropriate resources helps to back up the effectivity and efficiency of direction to the pupils.2. 4 Definition of the Student-Centered Approaches to LearningA A A A A A The footings â€Å" student-centered attacks † A and â€Å" learner-centered attacks † A to larning are the same and whilst some articles used the term student-centered attacks and other articles used the term learner-centered attacks, the two footings were used interchangeably. Both footings focus on the demands of pupils who as scholars are actively involved in the acquisition procedure ( Utecht, 2003 ) . The term â€Å" student-centered attacks † is used in this survey because this term is officially applied in Kampuchean course of study and ministry educational literature. Furthermore, the student-centered attacks are broader for illustration, a pupil can be defined as scholar, but a scholar may non be defined as pupil. For illustration, a adult male wants to cognize about the educational jurisprudence in Cambodia, so the adult male can travel to library or seek in the MoEYS web site to read and larn about the jurisprudence. The adult male therefore is non a pupil, but he is a scholar. A A A A A A The student-centered attacks to larning are defined as learning methodological analysiss associated with an attack to larning where pupils are the chief characters in the acquisition procedure, and actively larn in a socially synergistic manner ( Brush & A ; Saye, 2000 ) . The student-centered attacks are designed to help pupils to larn best from meaningful life experiences, societal interactions, and scientific experimentation ( Pedersen & A ; Liu, 2003 ) . A A A A A A The student-centered attacks to larning focal point on single pupil ‘s demands and growing, because these attacks are intended to develop the potency of every single pupil and promote their personal growing and involvements ( Morris, 1996 ) . The student-centered attacks are besides considered effectual options to the traditional teacher-centered attacks. Similarly harmonizing to Courtney ( 2008 ) , it looks really different from the traditional didactic instruction methods that are widely applied in Cambodia. These traditional instruction methods depend on the direct direction of the instructor and verbal and written repeat with small accent on understanding but strong accent on memory and callback. Kember ( as cited in O'Neill & A ; McMahon, 2005 ) and Hirumi ( 2002 ) stated the student-centered attacks are in contrast to the traditional teacher-centered attacks. In the teacher-centered attacks, instructors are at the centre of the acquisition and learning procedu re and supply direction to pupils ; the pupils are the empty vass into which the instructor pours their cognition. This position contrasts aggressively to that of constructivist theory where we see that pupils are cardinal to the acquisition procedure, they are non viewed as empty vass but instead actively take part in doing cognition by believing and work outing jobs for themselves, and developing their self-pride that is indispensable for larning and decision-making throughout life ( American Psychological Association, 1993 ; Hirumi, 2002 ; MoEYS, 2005 ) . A A A A A A The nucleus rule of the student-centered acquisition attacks is that pupils have different abilities, demands, and involvements for how they learn, and they construct cognition and significance and learn in different ways ( Brady, 2006 ; Murdoch & A ; Wilson, 2008 ; Hirumi, 2002 ) . The American Psychological Association ( 1993 ) stated that pupils have assorted capablenesss and involvements for acquisition. â€Å" Persons are born with and develop alone capablenesss and endowments and have acquired through acquisition and societal socialization different penchants for how they like to larn and the gait at which they learn † ( American Psychological Association, 1993, p. 9 ) . Harmonizing to Meyer & A ; Jones ( as cited in Hirumi, 2002 ) , in the category pupils talk, listen, write, read, and reflect on content, thoughts, issues, and concerns in order to build their ain significance. â€Å" In student-centered environments, scholars are given direct entree to the knowledge-base and work separately and in little groups to work out reliable jobs ( Hirumi, 2002, p. 506 ) . Similarly, harmonizing to Jones ( 2007 ) , a student-centered category is a topographic point where pupils ‘ demands are considered, as a group and as persons, and pupils are encouraged to take part in the acquisition procedure all the clip. At different times, pupils may work entirely, in braces, or in groups. A A A A A A As a theory of epistemology, constructivism proposes that pupils bring their existing experiences and beliefs, every bit good as universe positions and their cultural histories, into the acquisition procedure when they internally build cognition by interacting with the environment ( Yilmaz, 2008 ) . Constructivism is considered as a procedure that pupils actively construct their cognition upon cognition that they already have ( Motschnig-Pitrik & A ; Holzinger, 2002 ) . Social constructivist, Vygotsky believed that â€Å" acquisition is a societal procedure in which scholars developed understanding through interaction with the environment around them † ( Brush & A ; Saye, 2000, p. 5 ) . Harmonizing to Jonassen ; Duffy & A ; Jonassen ( as cited in Brush & A ; Saye, 2000 ) , the demand for more student-centered acquisition activities have been promoted by the protagonists of the constructivist epistemology of acquisition. A A A A A A In short, the cardinal features of the student-centered attacks to larning stress students'A anterior cognition and experience, developing Bloom Taxonomy believing accomplishments, particularly critical thought and job resolution, researching single acquisition demands and involvements, advancing active pupil engagement, and developing motive for life-long acquisition ( American Psychological Association, 1993 ; Brush & A ; Saye, 2000 ; Hirumi, 2002 ; Mtika & A ; Gates, 2010 ) . However, there is no individual scheme that helps pupils to hold effectual larning all the clip and there is no learning scheme that is better than others in every circumstance. Each learning scheme has its strength and failing, so instructors need to do determinations and chose instruction schemes that help their pupils to accomplish the acquisition results ( Killen, 2003 ) . Similarly harmonizing to Hab & A ; Em ( 2003 ) , to take and efficaciously use a instruction scheme the instructor has to judge many times because choosing an appropriate instruction scheme is based on the determination whether we provide knowledge to pupils through direct direction ( teacher-centered attacks ) or indirect facilitation ( student-centered attacks ) .2. 5 Student-Centered Learning as Adopted by the Kampuchean Ministry of EducationA A A A A A 2.5.1 Vision of acquisition and instructionA A A A A A Learning has many manners such as acquisition by seeing, listening, composing, reading, watching telecasting, self-experiment, pattern, believing, playing games, analyze circuits and so on. These manners of larning supply cognition to the scholars. However different larning can hold different consequence. Learners may bring forth different larning results with a different acquisition manner to another pupil ( MoEYS, 2002b ) . For illustration, those who learn by listening will bury all or retrieve a small after several yearss. Those who merely stand and see people swimming can non swim, but if th ey learn to swim themselves, they can swim efficaciously. Peoples hence can make something when they involve themselves. Harmonizing to Confucianism, it is believed that â€Å" If you tell me, I will bury. If you show me, I may retrieve. But if you involve me, I can make and understand † ( MoEYS, 2008 ) . A A A A A A The Kampuchean authorities ‘s vision of the intents for acquisition and instruction functions has bit by bit changed between societies and from one a period of clip to another ( MoEYS, 2002a ) . Previous learning methods considered effectual and appropriate was when instructors were considered to be the cognition suppliers. Teachers provided cognition and told pupils, and pupils listened to instructors and followed instructors without developing their ain thoughts or understanding. In this context instructors had the power because they had the cognition that pupils needed to be able to come on through the instruction system. This vision was later officially abandoned because the acquisition results were considered unsuitable to both the demands of the state for skilled minds and they compared ill to the wider international educational context. A A A A A A In the undermentioned period, another new learning method was integrated called ‘question and reply ‘ method. The instructor raised inquiries and the pupils answered. This method was adopted in the belief that it would convey better consequences for pupils. The inquiry and reply method was subsequently changed and reformed to what was known as the ‘active method ‘because this method required much relationship between instructor and pupils. For the last vision, it was believed that creative activity merely relationship between instructor and pupils was non plenty. To hold better consequence for pupils, relationship between pupils and pupils must be created in the instruction and acquisition procedure. Teachers have to fix pupils to work in groups, so pupils can interchange their thoughts, work hand in glove, and assist each other in larning. This last vision is a really of import portion of student-centered attacks ( Hab & A ; Em, 2003 ; Inspector, 2002 ; Ung, 2008 ) . These attacks to larning and learning shifted the power repositing of the instructor from one who held all the cognition to a more equal one where instructors spouse with, sometimes lead, their pupils into new understanding and cognition.A A A A A A 2.5.2 Principle and theoryA A A A A A Theories that are applied and relevant to learning and larning in the current Kampuchean school system are: Learning is making new cognition Learning is interchanging experience ( Inspector, 2002 ) A A A A A A The theories of larning above are besides clearly identifiable as constructs of constructivism. Although constructivism is non a theory of acquisition, the rules have been applied by many pedagogues in instruction and acquisition, particularly, but non merely, in scientific discipline instruction ( Han et al. , 1997 ; Yilmaz, 2008 ) . Constructivism emphasizes that cognition and significance are constructed by the human head ; in consequence scholars create links between their bing cognition and new experience and do new cognition constructions and significance ( Yilmaz, 2008 ) . A A A A A A The function of instructors and pupils are changed by the acceptance of the student-centered attacks to larning. Students are given greater duty for their acquisition and the instructors ‘ functions change where they become more coordinators or facilitators of the acquisition experiences. Students are encouraged to research the cognition by themselves and with other scholars and the instructors help the acquisition procedure by demoing pupils waies of cognition. In this new function in the schoolroom, the instructors become portion of the acquisition procedure and acts as a usher and a resource for the pupils ( Utecht, 2003 ) . Furthermore, the importance of school is to supply multiple chances to pupils to make cognition and understanding by themselves through research, existent experience and work outing jobs.