Anth2 Final Exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anth2 Final Exam - Assignment Example Intimate relations of close family members or incest are usually regarded as a taboo which may be disastrous. 5. Family status influences gender role in that the conduct of single and married people is different. Ethnic culture is another factor that affects gender roles whereby certain ethnic backgrounds may be passive than others and vice versa. 7. Leadership in tribes is uncentralized due to lack or very little forms of stratification. In case stratification is present, the leadership in place determines its level. On the other hand, chiefdoms are centralized with highly regarded and exalted leaders. Therefore, the leader has more control over subjects in his domain more than at the tribe level. 8. Formal means of social regulation or control refers to the external undertakings by civil authority to deter development or establishment of anomie within the society. On the contrary, the informal means alludes to socialization which causes internalization of values that impart morally accepted behaviors within the society. 9. Both these rites have great importance attached to them because they usually bring the community closer when they are being undertaken. In this regards, they serve a means of improving relationships among people and creating harmony within a community. 10. One way in which religion and magic are similar is use of rituals. Rituals are actions or undertakings which are accompanied by vague chanting. Secondly, these two also have unique symbols that are both mystical and spiritual. These symbols are routinely used during the time of rituals. Besides, these two also believe in the contagion principle where there is continued connection and communication between two objects that had been in contact and are separated. 11. One of the functions of revitalization cults is to deliver the followers from deprivation which is political in nature. This is important for amelioration

R v Hayter [2005] Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

R v Hayter [2005] - Essay Example When another co – accused is implicated in a confession, then that person has no opportunity to challenge it. Moreover, the maker may have an ulterior motive in implicating that person (McGourlay, 2006, p. 133). In this case, Hayter’s appeal failed, as the House of Lords ruled that the jury was empowered to decide the guilt of Ryan on the basis of his out of court statement, and thereafter to use this finding of guilt as evidence against Hayter. It was opined by their Lordships that there was no justification for not using the guilt of Ryan as a fact evidentially against Hayter (Taylor, 2012, p. 120). In R v Hayter, the first defendant, approached the second defendant Hayter, in order to get her husband killed. The second defendant Hayter, thereupon, hired the third defendant Ryan, to execute her husband (House of Lords, Session 2004 – 2005, 2005). All the defendants were convicted of murder by the jury. In his appeal, Hayter contended that the judge had erred in law by directing the jury that if they convicted Ryan of murder, then they could employ their finding that Ryan was the murderer, as evidence in the case against Hayter. The latter also relied on the ground that the judge had erred in law by not withdrawing the case from the jury, when the Crown’s case was closed (Regina v Hayter, 2005). The court ruled that in a joint trial involving defendants for a joint offence, the jury could use their findings of one of the defendants’ guilt, which was entirely founded on that defendant’s out of court statement, as a fact with regard to another defendant in that case. However, the jury had to be sufficiently certain regarding the veracity of such evidence. While admitting such evidence, the main consideration is whether it is relevant in the sense that it either disproves or establishes a fact in issue. It will also have to be ascertained whether such evidence has a probative

The Media Access Delay Information Technology Essay

The Media Access Delay Information Technology Essay OPNET Modeller is the network development software. OPNET permits design and learn communication networks, devices, protocols, and application. OPNETs object-oriented modelling stylishness and graphical user interface (GUI) let easy of developing models from the real world network, hardware devices, and protocols. Modeller supports all major network forms and technologies, permitting you to design and test various situations. (Opnet) Introduction I have deliberated various Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for Wireless local Area (WLAN) Networks. To choose the best one surrounded by the existing protocols, it is necessary to have a network model scenario and some performance metrics on the basis of which they can be assessed. In this paper, various metrics for comparing the performance of MAC protocols and a network model to carry out simulation is discussed. At the end of this chapter, results obtained from the simulation in the form of graphs will be presented. DCF EDCF Metrics Picking the correct metrics or parameters in the evaluation of the QoS (Quality of Service) mechanisms is vital to the result and rationality of the evaluation. The metrics used are Throughput, Access Delay, and End to End Delay in case of real-time multimedia traffic like VoIP, Video streaming (Video conferencing), response time in case of Telnet or Remote Login; type applications which cannot tolerate delay and loss of data. Retransmission Attempts in case a station does not get a chance due to internal collision. The following list below is the item of metrics used: Throughput The Throughput for different priority levels shows how well the QoS schemes can provide service differentiation between the various priorities. The Throughput of all stations shows the utilization of the wireless medium. Wireless bandwidth is a scarce resource, so efficient use of it is vital. Media Access Delay We measure access delay as the time from when the data reaches the MAC layer until it is successfully transmitted out on the wireless medium. The reason for studying average access delay is that many real-time applications have a maximum tolerable delay, after which the data will be useless. Therefore, it is important to provide low delay for real-time flows. Retransmission Attempts Total number of Retransmission Attempts by all Wireless Local Area Network MACs in the network until either packet is successfully transmitted or it is discarded as a result of reaching short or long retry limit. For 802.11e-capable MACs, the Retransmission Attempt counts recorded under this statistic also include retry count increments due to internal collisions. This factor plays important role in Performance of WLAN. Data Dropped Data Dropped due to unavailability of access to medium. This factor largely affects the reliability of WLAN. Simulation Scenario Creating a simulation scenario that is corresponding to real world scenario is the first step of simulation. In this simulation, the wireless topology consisted of several wireless stations and one base station in the wireless LAN. The base station was connected to a wired node (Figure 2.1) which serves as a sink for the flows from the wireless domain. All wireless stations are located such that every station is able to detect a transmission from any other station, and there is no mobility in the system. This means our results will not be impacted by mobility and phenomenon such as the hidden node problem. Figure 2.1 Wi-Fi network models The simulation experiments are carried out using OPNET Simulator version 9.1 on Windows XP SP3. For this simulation, a data rate of 11 Mbps is chosen. Various MAC and PHY (Physical Layer of OSI) parameter values used in our experiment are according to IEEE 802.11e default values given in Table 2.1. We have run the simulation for 5 minutes for each scenario, and then compared the results obtained from them. Figure 2.1 shows a network model for the experiment. Table 2.1: MAC and PHY parameter values used in Experiment ATTRIBUTE VALUE Physical Characteristics Direct Sequence Data Rate (bps) 11 Mbps Transmit Power (W) 0.005 Buffer Size (bits) 256000 BSS Identifier Auto Assigned Channel settings Auto Assigned Roaming Capability Disabled AP Beacon Interval (secs) 0.02 Large Packet Processing Drop Simulation Method To compare the performance of DCF (Distributed Coordination Function) and EDCF (Enhanced Distributed Coordination Function) two scenarios were created; medium access in first scenario was supported by DCF and in second, EDCF protocol was used at the MAC layer. Network environment factors which were used as a benchmark configured same for both scenarios. Detailed specifications are given in the Table 2.1 showing the MAC and PHY parameters used in experiment. The performance evaluation is done by simulating both scenarios one by one in OPNET simulator and then comparing the graphs obtained. Results After choosing metrics, the simulation is done for 5 minutes for a scenario. Then results were gathered. Analysis of EDCF In case of EDCF, all four traffic classes were fed into the MAC layer from higher layer, which are corresponding to AC (0), AC (1), AC (2) and AC (3) respectively to check how efficient the new protocol is to provide service differentiation required for real time application. (Note that DCF does not support service differentiation, so no provision of Access category). For this, in the application profile of scenario (for EDCF protocol) different application was configured for different access category. Details are shown in the Table 4.1. Table 4.1 Access Category corresponding to an application ACCESS CATEGORY APPLICATION CONFIGURED DESIGNATION AC(0) HTTP (LIGHT) BACKGROUND AC(1) REMOTE LOGIN (HEAVY) EXCELLENT EFFORT AC(2) VIDEO CONFERENCING INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA AC(3) VOIP INTERACTIVE VOICE In the profile configuration, a profile for clients was configured that uses all the four applications. In simulation scenario, 15 stations were configured to use these services randomly. In the simulation, we assumed that each traffic class has the equal portion of the total data traffic in terms of the average number of packets generated per unit time. The results obtained are as follows: Throughput of Different Access Categories Figure 4.2 Throughputs of Different Access Categories It is observed from figure 4.2 that the Throughput of Access category 3 is way high than the Access category 0 and 1. Throughput for Access category 2 lies in between 3 and 1. It means that Throughput for applications like Voice over IP and Video conferencing, EDCF provides maximum Throughput by providing them more priority over the other services like simple HTTP. Media Access Delay for Different Access Categories Figure 4.3 Wireless LAN Media Access Delay It is observed from figure 4.3 that the Media Access Delay for Access category 3 is at minimum among all Access categories. Media Access Delay for Access category 2 is just 3 to 4 seconds more than AC (3). It means that the medium is assigned to the application according to the priority. Thus, EDCF provides lesser Medium Access Delay for real-time applications. Comparative Analysis of DCF and EDCF Next step is to check the performance of both protocols in terms of Throughput, Media Access Delay, Retransmission Attempts and Data Dropped. These four metrics are determining factors in terms of overall performance of both the protocols. Throughput Figure 4.4 Throughput of DCF vs. EDCF It is observed from figure 4.4 that in the first 30 seconds of simulation, Throughput of both DCF and EDCF is high, but then after that, it decreases with time and stabilizes for both protocols. Throughput in first 30 seconds is high due to less number of Retransmission Attempts (less number of backoffs). From Graph analysis, one fact is clearly visible, that curve of DCF is marginally higher than that of EDCF. We can conclude that DCFs overall Throughput is somewhat more than the EDCF. Retransmission Attempts Figure 4.5 Retransmission Attempts of DCF vs. EDCF It is observed from figure 4.5 that in the first 30 seconds of simulation, Retransmission Attempts for both DCF and EDCF are less, but then after that, it decreases with time and stabilizes for both protocols. Retransmission Attempts in first 30 seconds are less due to less number of backoffs assigned to wireless stations. There is a small noticeable difference between curves of Retransmission Attempts of DCF and EDCF protocol. That small difference implies that the overall Retransmission Attempts made in DCF protocols are a bit lesser than EDCF protocol. Media Access Delay Figure 4.6 Media Access Delay of DCF vs. EDCF In Figure 4.6, for the first minute of simulation the Medium Access Delay for both protocols increases at equal pace, and then after that, DCF suffers somewhat lesser Access Delay than EDCF. The increase in the Medium Access Delay for both protocols is due to increase in the number of nodes competing to gain access of medium. Data Dropped Figure 4.7 amount of Data Dropped of DCF vs. EDCF It is observed from figure 4.7 that the first 30 seconds of simulation, DCF suffers a sudden high Data Drop, but Data Drop in EDCF increases gradually. The reason of varying Data Drop gradually in EDCF is the service differentiation which provides priority based scheme to handle different kind of data. After 2.5 minutes of simulation, curves of Data Dropped of DCF and EDCF remain same for both protocols, EDCF finishes at less Data Dropped than DCF. Conclusions Conclusion The results obtained from simulation shows that Enhanced Distribution Coordination Function provides efficient mechanism for service differentiation and hence provides quality of service to the Wireless LAN. However, this improvement comes at a cost of a decrease in quality of the lower priority traffic up to the point of starvation. The acquisition of the radio channel by the higher priority traffic is much more aggressive than for the lower priority. Higher priority traffic benefited, while lower priority traffic suffered. In terms of overall performance (under the used simulation conditions in this particular study of QoS of Wireless LAN), DCF performs marginally well than EDCF. This happens due to reason that in EDCF mechanism, each AC function acts like a virtual station for medium access, so more collision will be expected for EDCF scenario. But in terms of Quality of Service for real-time applications (like Video conferencing) EDCF outperforms DCF. EDCF has been purposed as the medium access control protocol for IEEEs upcoming standard IEEE 802.11e. Presently, all of the wireless devices use DCF as the default MAC protocol and PCF as the optional functionality.

Weed Kill Experiment Report :: essays research papers

Weed Kill Report ABSTRACT - The objective of this experiment is to determine which of three weed kill methods will be most successful in killing the Cobblers peg weed over a five day period. Two of the weed kill methods are natural - boiling water and vinegar solution. One of the weed kill methods is a weed spray Yates ZERO. The most effective weed kill was found by examining how fast and effectively each weed kill treatment killed its group of seventeen weeds which were separated into one of three foam boxes over a period of five days. The most successful method was found to be one of the natural methods, boiling water. The next best method was the herbicide and then the least successful method was the vinegar solution which killed none of its weeds. INTRODUCTION – My initial observation was that simple conservation actions such as reducing the use of pesticides can achieve measurable improvements in habitat quality and environmental health. Herbicides are toxic to most mammals as well as to the beneficial insects that you want to encourage in your garden. Sometimes herbicides seep into the ground water; causing contamination of which the long term effects are not known. Herbicide application can also result in drift or movement in the soil, this endangers wanted vegetation nearby. Herbicides are used far too rampantly. Excessive use of toxic herbicides is used when not necessary and because most are not aware of the many other natural alternatives. We must find more ways to cut back on the use of chemical herbicides and change to biological weed control methods. Foreign plants which turn into weeds are continuously being introduced to Australia both accidentally and intentionally. They can cause extreme damage to Australia’s environment, as they threaten the survival of many native plants. They are successful in growing as they - usually grow faster than native plants competing for nutrients, water, space etc, they survive better as they do not have the pests and diseases that would normally control them in their natural habitats, they take over the native plants that the native animals use for shelter, food and nesting. The Cobblers peg (Bidens pilosa) also known as farmers friend, Spanish needle and beggars tick was introduced from South America and has become a weed in Australia. Individual flowers are yellow with white petals and do not last for very long, eventually turning into seeds.

Relationship Between Teacher And Students

Similarly harmonizing to Moloi et Al. ( as cited in Mtika & A ; Gates, 2010 ) , group work is one of the schemes that can be utile in student-centered attacks. It does non merely assist pupils to discourse and portion thoughts with each other, but it besides helps to better pupils ‘ apprehension of some constructs and develop their communicating accomplishments. In the student-centered schoolroom, the instructor has to believe of pupils ‘ demands and the schoolroom is considered as a topographic point where pupils work together, in groups and as persons by promoting them to take portion in the acquisition procedure all the clip ( Jones, 2007 ) . In the student-centered schoolroom, the instructor should cognize about their pupils ‘ background. Teachers should see what they may cognize or make non cognize about their pupils because it helps to make the schoolroom conditions that are antiphonal to the larning demands of the pupils ( Hodson, 2002 ) . Furthermore, in soc ietal constructivist classrooms the relationship between instructor and pupils are much more dynamically involved, so that the instructor ‘s function is much more demanding to let and actively promote acknowledgment, rating, and Reconstruction ( Gunstone and Northfield every bit cited in Hand et al. , 1997 ) . A A A A A The size for effectual student-centered schoolrooms can be organized into big group ( category with 25-30 pupils ) , average size ( 5-8 pupils ) , little group ( 3-5 pupils ) , pair group ( 2 pupils ) and a instructor and a pupil ( merely in particular status ) ( MoEYS, 2002a ) . Furthermore, schoolroom agreements, particularly classroom infinite and resources like chairs and tabular arraies for big group activities are besides of import because appropriate resources helps to back up the effectivity and efficiency of direction to the pupils.2. 4 Definition of the Student-Centered Approaches to LearningA A A A A A The footings â€Å" student-centered attacks † A and â€Å" learner-centered attacks † A to larning are the same and whilst some articles used the term student-centered attacks and other articles used the term learner-centered attacks, the two footings were used interchangeably. Both footings focus on the demands of pupils who as scholars are actively involved in the acquisition procedure ( Utecht, 2003 ) . The term â€Å" student-centered attacks † is used in this survey because this term is officially applied in Kampuchean course of study and ministry educational literature. Furthermore, the student-centered attacks are broader for illustration, a pupil can be defined as scholar, but a scholar may non be defined as pupil. For illustration, a adult male wants to cognize about the educational jurisprudence in Cambodia, so the adult male can travel to library or seek in the MoEYS web site to read and larn about the jurisprudence. The adult male therefore is non a pupil, but he is a scholar. A A A A A A The student-centered attacks to larning are defined as learning methodological analysiss associated with an attack to larning where pupils are the chief characters in the acquisition procedure, and actively larn in a socially synergistic manner ( Brush & A ; Saye, 2000 ) . The student-centered attacks are designed to help pupils to larn best from meaningful life experiences, societal interactions, and scientific experimentation ( Pedersen & A ; Liu, 2003 ) . A A A A A A The student-centered attacks to larning focal point on single pupil ‘s demands and growing, because these attacks are intended to develop the potency of every single pupil and promote their personal growing and involvements ( Morris, 1996 ) . The student-centered attacks are besides considered effectual options to the traditional teacher-centered attacks. Similarly harmonizing to Courtney ( 2008 ) , it looks really different from the traditional didactic instruction methods that are widely applied in Cambodia. These traditional instruction methods depend on the direct direction of the instructor and verbal and written repeat with small accent on understanding but strong accent on memory and callback. Kember ( as cited in O'Neill & A ; McMahon, 2005 ) and Hirumi ( 2002 ) stated the student-centered attacks are in contrast to the traditional teacher-centered attacks. In the teacher-centered attacks, instructors are at the centre of the acquisition and learning procedu re and supply direction to pupils ; the pupils are the empty vass into which the instructor pours their cognition. This position contrasts aggressively to that of constructivist theory where we see that pupils are cardinal to the acquisition procedure, they are non viewed as empty vass but instead actively take part in doing cognition by believing and work outing jobs for themselves, and developing their self-pride that is indispensable for larning and decision-making throughout life ( American Psychological Association, 1993 ; Hirumi, 2002 ; MoEYS, 2005 ) . A A A A A A The nucleus rule of the student-centered acquisition attacks is that pupils have different abilities, demands, and involvements for how they learn, and they construct cognition and significance and learn in different ways ( Brady, 2006 ; Murdoch & A ; Wilson, 2008 ; Hirumi, 2002 ) . The American Psychological Association ( 1993 ) stated that pupils have assorted capablenesss and involvements for acquisition. â€Å" Persons are born with and develop alone capablenesss and endowments and have acquired through acquisition and societal socialization different penchants for how they like to larn and the gait at which they learn † ( American Psychological Association, 1993, p. 9 ) . Harmonizing to Meyer & A ; Jones ( as cited in Hirumi, 2002 ) , in the category pupils talk, listen, write, read, and reflect on content, thoughts, issues, and concerns in order to build their ain significance. â€Å" In student-centered environments, scholars are given direct entree to the knowledge-base and work separately and in little groups to work out reliable jobs ( Hirumi, 2002, p. 506 ) . Similarly, harmonizing to Jones ( 2007 ) , a student-centered category is a topographic point where pupils ‘ demands are considered, as a group and as persons, and pupils are encouraged to take part in the acquisition procedure all the clip. At different times, pupils may work entirely, in braces, or in groups. A A A A A A As a theory of epistemology, constructivism proposes that pupils bring their existing experiences and beliefs, every bit good as universe positions and their cultural histories, into the acquisition procedure when they internally build cognition by interacting with the environment ( Yilmaz, 2008 ) . Constructivism is considered as a procedure that pupils actively construct their cognition upon cognition that they already have ( Motschnig-Pitrik & A ; Holzinger, 2002 ) . Social constructivist, Vygotsky believed that â€Å" acquisition is a societal procedure in which scholars developed understanding through interaction with the environment around them † ( Brush & A ; Saye, 2000, p. 5 ) . Harmonizing to Jonassen ; Duffy & A ; Jonassen ( as cited in Brush & A ; Saye, 2000 ) , the demand for more student-centered acquisition activities have been promoted by the protagonists of the constructivist epistemology of acquisition. A A A A A A In short, the cardinal features of the student-centered attacks to larning stress students'A anterior cognition and experience, developing Bloom Taxonomy believing accomplishments, particularly critical thought and job resolution, researching single acquisition demands and involvements, advancing active pupil engagement, and developing motive for life-long acquisition ( American Psychological Association, 1993 ; Brush & A ; Saye, 2000 ; Hirumi, 2002 ; Mtika & A ; Gates, 2010 ) . However, there is no individual scheme that helps pupils to hold effectual larning all the clip and there is no learning scheme that is better than others in every circumstance. Each learning scheme has its strength and failing, so instructors need to do determinations and chose instruction schemes that help their pupils to accomplish the acquisition results ( Killen, 2003 ) . Similarly harmonizing to Hab & A ; Em ( 2003 ) , to take and efficaciously use a instruction scheme the instructor has to judge many times because choosing an appropriate instruction scheme is based on the determination whether we provide knowledge to pupils through direct direction ( teacher-centered attacks ) or indirect facilitation ( student-centered attacks ) .2. 5 Student-Centered Learning as Adopted by the Kampuchean Ministry of EducationA A A A A A 2.5.1 Vision of acquisition and instructionA A A A A A Learning has many manners such as acquisition by seeing, listening, composing, reading, watching telecasting, self-experiment, pattern, believing, playing games, analyze circuits and so on. These manners of larning supply cognition to the scholars. However different larning can hold different consequence. Learners may bring forth different larning results with a different acquisition manner to another pupil ( MoEYS, 2002b ) . For illustration, those who learn by listening will bury all or retrieve a small after several yearss. Those who merely stand and see people swimming can non swim, but if th ey learn to swim themselves, they can swim efficaciously. Peoples hence can make something when they involve themselves. Harmonizing to Confucianism, it is believed that â€Å" If you tell me, I will bury. If you show me, I may retrieve. But if you involve me, I can make and understand † ( MoEYS, 2008 ) . A A A A A A The Kampuchean authorities ‘s vision of the intents for acquisition and instruction functions has bit by bit changed between societies and from one a period of clip to another ( MoEYS, 2002a ) . Previous learning methods considered effectual and appropriate was when instructors were considered to be the cognition suppliers. Teachers provided cognition and told pupils, and pupils listened to instructors and followed instructors without developing their ain thoughts or understanding. In this context instructors had the power because they had the cognition that pupils needed to be able to come on through the instruction system. This vision was later officially abandoned because the acquisition results were considered unsuitable to both the demands of the state for skilled minds and they compared ill to the wider international educational context. A A A A A A In the undermentioned period, another new learning method was integrated called ‘question and reply ‘ method. The instructor raised inquiries and the pupils answered. This method was adopted in the belief that it would convey better consequences for pupils. The inquiry and reply method was subsequently changed and reformed to what was known as the ‘active method ‘because this method required much relationship between instructor and pupils. For the last vision, it was believed that creative activity merely relationship between instructor and pupils was non plenty. To hold better consequence for pupils, relationship between pupils and pupils must be created in the instruction and acquisition procedure. Teachers have to fix pupils to work in groups, so pupils can interchange their thoughts, work hand in glove, and assist each other in larning. This last vision is a really of import portion of student-centered attacks ( Hab & A ; Em, 2003 ; Inspector, 2002 ; Ung, 2008 ) . These attacks to larning and learning shifted the power repositing of the instructor from one who held all the cognition to a more equal one where instructors spouse with, sometimes lead, their pupils into new understanding and cognition.A A A A A A 2.5.2 Principle and theoryA A A A A A Theories that are applied and relevant to learning and larning in the current Kampuchean school system are: Learning is making new cognition Learning is interchanging experience ( Inspector, 2002 ) A A A A A A The theories of larning above are besides clearly identifiable as constructs of constructivism. Although constructivism is non a theory of acquisition, the rules have been applied by many pedagogues in instruction and acquisition, particularly, but non merely, in scientific discipline instruction ( Han et al. , 1997 ; Yilmaz, 2008 ) . Constructivism emphasizes that cognition and significance are constructed by the human head ; in consequence scholars create links between their bing cognition and new experience and do new cognition constructions and significance ( Yilmaz, 2008 ) . A A A A A A The function of instructors and pupils are changed by the acceptance of the student-centered attacks to larning. Students are given greater duty for their acquisition and the instructors ‘ functions change where they become more coordinators or facilitators of the acquisition experiences. Students are encouraged to research the cognition by themselves and with other scholars and the instructors help the acquisition procedure by demoing pupils waies of cognition. In this new function in the schoolroom, the instructors become portion of the acquisition procedure and acts as a usher and a resource for the pupils ( Utecht, 2003 ) . Furthermore, the importance of school is to supply multiple chances to pupils to make cognition and understanding by themselves through research, existent experience and work outing jobs.

Participant’s development Essay

With this model in mind, the author of this essay, who represented the coach in the coaching session, will consider back to the session and reflect what planning had to be involved and why, and what was intended and included.  The author of this essay is herself a passionate Badminton player, exercising regularly for the University and a local team. From her own experience in these teams, she knew that many players struggle with the tactical positioning in this sport, particularly in the doubles’ game. Tactical positioning is a crucial element to succeed in Badminton (Grice, 1996). For this reason, the coach had chosen the following aim for the session: raising awareness of tactical positioning in the doubles’ game of Badminton, therefore the objective was accurate defensive and attacking positioning. To achieve these aims and objectives, the author invited four players, two men and two women, from the above mentioned teams to take part in the Badminton session (see Appendix 1). The participant’s level of play can be stated as advanced, hence gender was not showing a significant impact on the later performed exercises and match situation. According to training guidelines stated by Martens (1997), the participants had to be and were able to match necessary requirements of the conducted training program, which included knowledge of specific skills and shots like ‘the ready position’, footwork, drop shot, smash etc..  The 45 minute lasting session itself consisted of four parts: a brief introduction, a 10 minute warm-up, a 28 minute long main part and a short cool down. The intention of the introduction was to give the participants a concise overview of the session’s aims and objectives aswell as informing about potential hazards and dangers. The sports hall policy about appropriate sports wear and shoes was already mentioned in the invite (see Appendix 1). ‘To produce the safest environment possible for the athletes and the coach’ (Martens, 1997), further essential risk management, within the introduction, included the explanation of emergency exits and the procedure of raising the alarm and informing the University Security Office through the Emergency telephone. The coach herself had identified, evaluated and made herself familiar with potential risks and dangers as well as appropriate behaviour in case of an emergency by a pre-session risk management through inspecting the venue a day before the actual session. Before the start of the session, the floor was examined to avoid injuries caused by potential trip hazards like whol es or dirt. As stated by Martens (1997), the intention of a warm up is not only preventing respectively reducing the likelihood of potential injuries but to improve the athlete’s performance (Sports Coach – Warm Up and Cool Down). Moderate jogging including ballistic stretching of specific arm and leg muscles was used to raise blood circulation and the respiratory rate as well as increasing the body temperature (Martens, 1997; Sports Coach – Warm Up and Cool Down), followed by more specific Badminton movements including side walks and side steps (Grice, 1996). To progress on, the next warm-up exercise included movement on court, simulating game play without a shuttle. This is called shadow Badminton and allowed the participants to perform key elements of Badminton like positioning to the ‘central position’ (CP), accurate footwork and performing different shots. All six key positions of the court had to be reached in a specific order within timed 30 seconds (see diagram 1). After a following 30 second break to regain stamina, the exercise was modified to a more realistic game play by giving the athlete the choice of which position to chose. A further 30 second break was followed by the last shuttle and included a realistic game play with a free order of positions to reach, this time with increased speed. Along with Givemefootball – The professional footballers association, this ghosting exercise showed full characteristics of ballistic stretching: specific and related movements as well as increased effort to prevent muscle stiffness and muscle injury (Sports Coach – Warm Up and Cool Down). To conclude this Badminton specific warm-up, Grice (1997) suggests 5 minutes of gentle knocking with a shuttle. This was performed by the participants, including all possible Badminton shots like Clear, Drop, Drive, Smash and net play. The main part consisted of 2 appropriate exercises to achieve the session’s objectives as well as implementing newly acquired skills into a realistic match of doubles. Exercise 1 was training the defensive positioning and allowed one pair to play against the other, attacking couple. Due to the advanced level of play of the participants, the coach could assume that basic skills and knowledge of defence as well as attacking positioning were existent. The new main idea introduced now was, that the defending player had to follow his/her long line shot to the side including the partners movement to the middle line maintaining the basic concept of being level with the partner. A cross court shot resulted in following the defender to the middle line, the partner to the side line (see diagram 2). Moving according to one’s own shot will allow the defending pair to quickly respond to the opponents’ attacks. If the defender plays a long line shot and follows to the sideline, a long line attacking smash can quickly enough be responded by another defensive shot. If the opponents play a cross attacking shot like a drop, the defender’s partner at the middle line will still have enough time to reach this shot as a cross shot will take more time to reach the corner. Hence it is to advise hardly ever to play a cross attacking shot in Badminton as this will allow the defending opponents to quickly enough place themselves into the appropriate defending position and possibly even counter attack the shot. The positions of player A and B as well as the positions C and D were changed within the exercise to guarantee experiencing both the left and the right, respectively the front and the back side. After 5 minutes the couples changed playing from defence to attack and vice versa. Exercise 2 intended to empower an attacking couple to perform the rotation system while attacking. The coach, assisted by player C ‘feeding’ the coach with shuttles, provided a rally of 20 shuttles played into the key positions shown on diagram 3. The positions were targeted in order from 1 to 8. Starting position for attacking player A is shown on the diagram 3 as well as the position for Player B. Player D was first observing, then helping to pick up the shuttles on the ground. Key elements of this exercise included ‘being in line’ with the partner though positions changed. Therefore the coach used the racket as demonstration material, the head of it representing the attacker at the net and the grip the attacker at the back. By rotating the racket like the players had to rotate on court, it was made visible that rotation includes the partner’s movement according to one’s own movement (see diagram 3). To provide a realistic game situation, the coach had to quickly target all key positions as the doubles’ game is a fast game requiring quick movements (Grice, 1996). The following 5 minutes lasting doubles’ match gave the opportunity to implement the newly acquired skills.  A contingency plan was not needed as all exercise could have been performed even though one respectively two participants wouldn’t have arrived. Then the coach would have played in their positions respectively played as a single attacker in exercise 1, however making it more difficult to observe the progression of each participant’s development. To conclude the session, a brief cool down was conducted allowing the body to return to normal pace, reducing its temperature and to remove lactic acid build up during the vigorous exercises (Grice, 1996; Sports Coach – Warm Up and Cool Down). Gentle jogging as well as a static stretching was performed. According to Sports Coach – Warm Up and Cool down, a static stretching should be preferred within a cool down compared to a ballistic stretching in the warm up, as this will increase the range of movement as well as helping to relax the muscles. When planning a coaching session, it is important to identify resources (Ewles and Simnett, 1999). Within this case, the coach was given the opportunity to use the University sports hall as well as their posts and nets. Two courts to perform the warm up and exercises were needed. Each participant was advised to bring his/her own racket(s), shuttles were provided by the coach (see Appendix 1). A stopwatch, to ensure accurate timing and time management of the session, which is important according to Martens (1997), was borrowed from the technicians room in Ramsden’s building one day in advance.

English Names in Chinese Characters - A

English Names in Chinese Characters - A Click on the English names beginning with the letter A to see the English name in Chinese. The Chinese names are translated based on the English pronunciation of the names. The Chinese names are written in simplified characters, which are used in Mainland China. To find your last name in Chinese, please see English Last Names in Chinese. Female Chinese Name: More about Chinese Names. AMarieAMeiyaAadilahAafkeAaliyahAaminaAaralynAarynAashkaAasthaAbagailAbbeyAbbieAbbigailAbbyAbeilleAbiAbidaAbigailAbigaleAbigayleAbriannaAbrilAcaciaAclairAdaAdaezeAdahAdalineAdalynAdaraAddieAddisonAddyAdelaAdelaidaAdelaideAdeleAdeliaAdelinaAdelineAdellAdellaAdelleAdenaAdesinaAdhrahAdiAditiAdnAdonnaAdreenaAdriaAdrianAdrianaAdrianeAdriannaAdrianneAdrianousAdrieAdrienneAfafAfricaAfshanAgathaAgeethAggieAgnesAhliAhooAichaAidaAidalynAideeAidenAileenAileenaAileighAilemaAilsaAimeeAinhoaAinsleeAinsleyAirynAishaAislingAislinAislinnAitanaAiyanaAjaAjaineAjdaAjlaAkebulanAkitaAlaaAladinaAlainaAlaineAlajaAlanaAlanisAlannaAlanyaAlaynaAlaysiaAlbanyAlbertaAlberthaAlbertineAlbinaAldaAldineAleahAleashaAleciaAleeceAleenaAlegriaAleighaAleishaAlejandraAlejandrinAleksaAlenaAleneAleshaAlesiaAlessaAlessandraAletaAlethAlethaAletheaAletheiaAlethiaAlexAlexaAlexanderAlexandraAlexandreaAlexandriaAlexiaAlexisAlexizAlexusAlexysAlfredaAlgernaeAliAliaAliceAliciaAlidaAlieceAlinaAlineAlintaAlisaAlishaAlisonAlissaAliviaAli xAliyaAliyahAlizaAlizeAlkhouriAllaAllegraAlleneAlleyAlliAllieAllineAllisonAlluraAllyAllysonAllyssaAlmaAlmedaAlmiraAlmudenaAlnieAlonaAlondraAlphaAlrunAltaAltagraciaAlthaAltheaAlvaAlvenaAlveraAlvertaAlvinaAlwynAlyanaAlyannaAlyceAlyciaAlyonaAlysaAlyseAlyshaAlysiaAlysonAlyssaAlysynAmadaAmaliaAmalieAmanAmandaAmandeepAmaniAmaraAmaranthaAmarhaAmariAmarisAmarliannaAmayaAmberAmberisAmberleighAmberleyAmeAmeeAmeiyaAmeliaAmelieAmenaAmeraAmerbelAmericaAmiAmiciyahAmieAminaAmiraAmparoAmyAmyaAnAnYeaAnaAnabelAnadeliAnahiAnaiahAnaisAnajahAnaliseAnastasiaAnayaAndeeAndraAndreaAndreeaAndreiaAndreinaAndreishaAndreshiaAndrewAndriaAneissaAneleAneesaAnetteAngelAngelaAngelesAngeliaAngelicaAngeliceAngelieAngelikaAngelinaAngelineAngeliqueAngelitaAngharadAngiAngieAnikaAnisahAniseAnissaAnitaAnitraAniyaAniyahAnjaAnjaliAnjanetteAnjelAnjelicaAnkeAnkieAnnAnn-marieAnnaAnnabelAnnabellAnnabellaAnnabelleAnnadelleAnnadelle MarieAnnahAnnaleeAnnalisaAnnaliseAnnalouiseAnnamAnnamaeAnnamarieAnneAnnekeAnnelieAnnemarieAnnemarie keAnnemieAnnemiekAnnettaAnnetteAnniAnnicaAnnickAnnieAnnikaAnnikeAnnisAnnuAnnyAnnzleyAnoukAnsAnsleyAnthonyAntionetteAntoinetteAntonetteAntoniaAntoniettaAntoninaAntraAnuAnyaAoifeAokiAprilAprilleAqsaAraAraceliAracelliAracelyArceliaArdellArdellaArdeneArdisArdithArdorynaAreejAreenaArelyArethaAretiAriaArianaArianeAriannaArianneArielAriellaArielleAriesArionnaAriyanaArleenArleneArlettArlieArlineArmaniArmidaArnaArnelaArohaAroleArrieArshiaArtaryArthurArtieArtilyaArumaArvillaAryaAryanaAryannaAsasiaAsdinAshAshaAshantiAshayaAshelyAshlandAshleaAshleeAshleighAshleyAshlieAshlyAshlynAshlynnAshraAshtonAshtynAshuntaAsiaAsifaAsmaAsmitaAspasiaAspenAssisAstenAstridAsyaAtbarAthenaAtiyahAubreeAubreyAubrieAuburnAudraAudreaAudreyAugustinaAuliAunjenaeAuroraAustraAustynAutumnAvaAvangalineAveryAvriAvrilAyaAyanaAyannaAydnAyelAyeshaAylaAylinAynurAyraAyushiAzariaAzeezaAziaAzizaAzrael Dont see your name here? Complete a Submit a First Name in Chinese form and your name will be added to the list in about two weeks. More about Chinese Names.

The Case Against Mumia Abu-Jamal essays

The Case Against Mumia Abu-Jamal essays The case of Mumia Abu-Jamal has become a showdown case on the death penalty in the United States. His threatened execution has been condemned by political and cultural figures throughout the world, and the international movement to grant him a new and fair trial is raising questions about the arbitrariness of the death penalty in the minds of millions. Mumia Abu-Jamal is the only political prisoner in the United States facing execution. Mumia is not a political prisoner. The facts refuting this are addressed in my comments in the article below. "As a radio journalist in Philadelphia, he became known as isthe voice of the voicelesslt during the years of the infamous Mayor Frank Rizzo. He had attended Goddard College, was the recipient of a Major Armstrong Award for radio journalism, and was named one of Philadelphia's "people to watch" in 1981 by Philadelphia magazine. He was president of the Association of Black Journalists in Philadelphia, and he had no prior criminal record. Jamal was shot by a police officer when he intervened in a street incident involving Jamal's brother, another man, and the officer. He survived the shooting, and was charged with the murder of the officer who was killed in the incident. No one else was charged, and the trial at which Jamal was condemned has been termed a travesty of justice by every impartial observer." The author of this brief needs to report the true facts. The incident preceding Officer Faulkner's murder involved only William Cook, Mumia's brother, Officer Faulkner and Mumia/WesleyCook. There was no other man involved. And though William Cook was not charged with the murder of Officer Faulkner as Mumia acted alone in doing this, he did plead guilty to physically assaulting Officer Faulkner on December 9, 1981. "The targeting of Jamal was overtly political. The FBI began amassing a 600-page file on him when he was a 15-year-old high school activist. He subsequently worked on t...

Catch Me If You Can

Focus: To emphasize the use of making inferences using all aspects of a book as a means of thinking about and comprehending texts. Introduction/Connection: To begin the lesson the teacher will begin with a discussion on review reading strategies the children already know and discuss how these strategies can help them as readers. Then the teacher will explain to students that when reading we have learned to infer what a character might be feeling based on the illustrations in the text. She will ask the children what they think the word infer means. After a few student responses she will explain that infer means to understand what is happening in the text without the author actually telling us. She will explain that inferring is about reading faces, reading body language, reading expressions, and reading tone as well as text. She will ask the children if they can think about the word inference, what it means, and any examples of inferring that they may know. After a few student responses she will explain that Inferring is a reading strategy to be used as a means of ensuring that we understand stories we read. We will then discuss inferring in our everyday lives (the weather, how our mom or teachers might be feeling). It will be emphasized that when we make infer we use our brain to really think about what we already know; in books when we infer using the pictures and text we can get a better understanding of what is happening in the story. Key Questions: * What are reading strategies? * Why do we have reading strategies? * Where can you find the reading strategies if you get stuck? * What reading strategies do you know and use already? * Why do you use them? What do you think the word infer means? * Can you think of examples of when you have made an inference? * Why might good readers make an inference? Whole Group Teaching/Active Engagement: The teacher will focus the children’s attention on the selected book, Bully. She will ask the children to look at the book and think about what they see depicted on the cover. She will t them what they can infer just by looking at the cover an d reading the title. Then ask the children to listen carefully as she reads the first two pages of the book. Once completed the teacher will ask the children to close their eyes and think about what they just heard in the first two pages of the text. After a few moments she will ask them to make an inference about what they think is happening in the story. She will ask the children to â€Å"turn and talk† to share their inference with their shoulder partner on the carpet. The teacher will listen to the partnerships and their responses and get a quick assessment of what the students’ inferences sound like (whether they are on target, missing key information, etc). After the share time, she will call upon several students to share their answers with the class. The teacher will then comment on the children’s abilities to infer the story parts based on their observations of the cover and listening to a few pages. She will then read a few pages of the story to give the children an idea of whether their inferences were on target or not and allow them to give â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† signals to indicate if they were correct or not. Key Questions: * What do you see on the cover? * What can you infer from listening to the first few pages in the book? From what you saw on the cover and the pages, what can you infer will happen in this book? * Why did you make that inference? * What in the book made you think of that? * Were you correct? How do you know? Differentiation: * Depending on the student who is called on to respond during the whole class instruction, questioning will be scaffold in order to meet the child’s specific learning needs (IEP, ELL support). Children will also have been paired in reading partnerships based on current reading levels. There will be a variety of books available for the different reading levels * Students will be allowed to use pictures or words (preferably both) to show that they understand inference. * Students will be given the opportunity to â€Å"act out† their inferences/predictions. * Students will be given the option to work independently or in pairs during one of the assignments. Small Group Active Engagement/Link: To link the mini lesson to independent, and partner reading, and guided reading time, the teacher will remind tudents to make inferences as they read their books independently. She will ask the children to re-state what their focus is to ensure understanding and clarify any misconceptions. The children will return to their tables and groups to participate in independent, partner, or guided reading time. The teacher will meet with the group select ed for that day and continue to work on the use of inferencing to enhance comprehension of stories. Independent Reading Time: 10 minutes Partner Reading Time: 10 minutes Share: After independent and partner reading, a reading partnership that was observed using the inference strategy will be asked to come up at the end of the reading workshop time to share with the class what inferences they made while reading their book and explain how this helped them to better comprehend or understand the story. They will also be asked what they feel they can improve upon for share time the next day. Key Questions: * Did you make any inferences while you were reading? * How did you use this strategy? * Were your inferences correct? * How did you know? Closing: The teacher will commend the entire class on their reading stamina and employment of their first grade reading strategies! Everyone will give himself or herself a pat on the back! Resources: * Read Aloud – Bully, by Judith Caseley * Post-its * Leveled Books _____________________________________________________________ Observations / Comments: Next Teaching Points/Subsequent Lesson: * The subsequent strategy on the Reading Strategies – Comprehension: Retelling. Will be explored in the next day’s reading workshop lesson. Next Teaching Points Alterations (Based on Observations):

Phase 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Phase 1 - Essay Example Looking at the public relation efforts of different companies and corporate bodies, one can easily identify and correlate various salient features that directly impact the sales and profit performance of the companies. The common pattern that has emerged is that the PR1 strategy is designed to promote the companies’ image in three vital areas. The companies use various media to emphasize and disseminate information about them, in order to establish a closer relationship with the investors as well as with their valued customers. The PR exercise, that includes press releases and audio-video advertisements in different media, is a very effective way to inform the investors and customers about the company’s achievements in different areas. The investors’ confidence is strengthened by periodic press releases that inform them about the upward graph of its performance. At the same time, the credibility of the company gets a boost in the eyes of their customers. The PR exercise is also a very effective communication tool that informs the general public about the various ways and means through which the company is discharging its social responsibilities. The involvement of the company in the community services not only facilitates a more personal bonding with its customers and thereby effectively increasing its customer base but it also helps build a very positive image of the company that is designed to give a more competitive edge over its rival companies. Its human nature to identify and support a person or company that empathizes with the problems and concerns of the common man. Media, in all its formats, exerts a powerful influence that can completely change the public perception towards things and persons. It is for this very reason that it has become the focal area of business strategy for the companies. Public relation

Telecommunting at work Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Telecommunting at work - Research Paper Example However, not all potential workers are willing to travel every day to work and this is why several people have decided to work from home instead. It helps that technology has been developed in such a way that work can be delivered even without â€Å"physical proximity† of the worker to his/her workplace (Pilskin, 1997). The practice of telecommuting has become even more of a trend because of the popularity of electronic data mode of communication (Davies et al., 1996). However, despite the advantages of telecommuting, the same does not come without its own share of disadvantages as well. This is what this paper seeks to determine, as well as the way telecommuting works and how it is being managed. The Advantages of Telecommuting for the Employee Harpaz (2002) has determined some of the advantages of telecommuting for employees. It must be noted that there are advantages and disadvantages of telecommuting for the employees and the company that supports such a practice. And it t urns out that some of the pros and cons for the employee may not coincide with that of the company. The following paragraphs will illustrate this point, starting with the advantages of telecommuting for the telecommuters themselves. According to Harpaz (2002), there are seven advantages felt or experienced by the telecommuter by working in the comforts of his/her own home. These are 1) â€Å"autonomy/ independence† because obviously, since the employee is not being supervised, there is an increased chance that he/she would be more productive due to the increased level of responsibilities expected of the said employee. 2) â€Å"Flexible working hours† is a self-explanatory advantage because the telecommuter has more freedom to take on the job either in the evening or at night and there is the increased time to balance tasks that are not within the sphere of work, 3) â€Å"Improved time management† is another advantage, Because of telecommuting, the telecommuter i s less prone to getting distracted (by other employees for instance). 4) â€Å"More efficient management of free time† because the telecommuter can balance his/her time more effectively and efficiently. Time can be set aside for taking up a hobby or other activities not related to work. 5) â€Å"Savings in travel time and expenses† because the telecommuter need not spend money to travel to and from the workplace. The company itself need not also spend for the employee’s travel expenses. 6) â€Å"Flexibility in caring for family members† is related to the previous advantages mentioned. Because of the time saved from being distracted and from traveling to and from the workplace, the employee can instead, use this time for his/ her responsibility and finally, the last point, 7) â€Å"professional flexibility.† The employee is given more freedom to pursue other interests or even another job. The Advantages of Telecommuting for the Firm The company itse lf that encourages telecommuting also experiences a number of advantages as well. One of these is the decreases in â€Å"operating expenses.† For instance, instead of spending a considerable amount of financial resources on real estate (for office space), the company can instead channel their resources

MBA Learning Journal Spring 2013 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MBA Learning Journal Spring 2013 - Assignment Example This will save me consulting several entities, hence save my resources. I chose to pursue my MBA program in Alfaisal University due to several reasons. First, currently I am a project manager in a local company. Consequently, I would be studying as I render my services or duties in my work place. The locality of the university will enable me book evening or weekend classes as I follow my normal career routine. Through this, I will be earning as I expand my business knowledge. Secondly, the Saudi culture and customs require Saudi women to be accompanied whenever they travel to some destinations, and currently I am not in a position to adhere to such customs, I have no one to accompany me. The AUCB MBA program is a good program albeit with some minor drawbacks. However, these do not impact on the quality of the education rendered. I had higher expectations with regard to my MBA program only to receive less my expectations. The doctor taking us through the research methodology course is not audible enough. At times, hardly get his important points during the lecturers. Research methodology is one of the most important unit or course in my program and I think poor lecture may compromise the quality of education I would be subjected to in the future. I am to spend the semester pursuing the course work (theory) and later apply the theoretical knowledge to do my practical or project work. Research methodological skills play important role not only in the project work but even after graduation. The doctor did not meet the course objective as per the course outline that he gave out to the class at the beginning of the course. By this I mean, he skipped some important topics to complete the syllabus in good time. I think this may compromise subsequent courses or units. Finally, his exams were not up to standard according to the Universities exam regulations. He meddled on one topic without providing the students with an option to select questions with favorite topics. Th e university requires a unit like research methodology, having a CF (cumulative factor) below 3.5 to have at least five questions from all the topics and the students must attempt the first question and select the remaining two from the rest. This was never observed by the doctor. If given opportunity to be the director of the AUCB MBA program, I will engage certain initiatives to improve the program’s quality. For instance, I would ensure the curriculum changes in tandem with the requirements of the work environment. The main problem facing the program is the regular alteration of the University’s curriculum. That was in the past. However, the university has since changed and corrected the anomalies. Observing a strict adherence to the university’s curriculum is the guiding principle. This may compromise the graduate acceptance or recruitment in international work places or organizations. As the director, I will be strict on the standard MBA lecture hours and u nits. I would seek to ensure the production of standard MBA graduates with capacities to be recruited in any part of the globe. Furthermore, I will improve communication with the students among other concerned parties with the program, to pass any vital information regarding the program in good time and effectively without any inconveniences. The element of semester trips has also raised some concerns in the university. The University for the Past One year has not been consulting the

8 sentences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

8 sentences - Essay Example The message was educative and made the society aware of animals rights to ensure that they harmoniously with human beings (Sewell, 313). The book has changed the behavior of London Cabmen at the time of its publication since it made him aware of the significance of taking care of animals. It further taught him that, animals also feel pain, hence ought to be taken care of and treated humbly. Previously, the London Cabmen mistreated animals in general especially horses, but after launching of the book, a sense of care to animals was instilled in their minds. Lastly, the black beauty, led to the elimination of the bearing rein. Bearing rein is a piece of a hose track that is placed from a point on the horse’s back, goes towards the head to a bit. It was majorly used to carry human beings in cart or luggage and is currently known as over-check. The object was used to ensure that horse does not lower its head beyond a fixed point by inflicting pain. This was seen as animal torture and hence, forced to be eliminated from the society (Sewell,

Critical evaluate (debate) the positive (good) and negative (bad) Essay

Critical evaluate (debate) the positive (good) and negative (bad) influence of knowledge management and organizational learning to an organization to form competitive advantage - Essay Example nt position in this as they are the real â€Å"knowledge producers† and hence any new knowledge that a company looks for is produced courtesy through these people. (Rocca, 1992) Competitive success is basically commanded by the companys capability to harness and indeed develop new forms of knowledge, gained either by observation or by experience attained, which can be called as assets that in turn create the required â€Å"core competencies† of the said organization. (Sims, 2002) While these competencies do exist in many forms, learning on the part of a particular company plays a pivotal role, which eventually ventures into other resources of knowledge to generate high-class and exceptional showing from the company’s employees. (Dunn, 2001) Core competencies, which usually flow out of a company, provide characteristic benefits to both the customers as well as any other individuals attached with it. These are generally espied as being the foundation of forming a competitive advantage within the said company. (Chang, 2001) It is quite true that there is a host of ways in which new knowledge within a company is facilitated within its ranks. The need here is to classify them with respect to their importance, which include the cultural infrastructure can be changed within a company so as to gather some proportion to the fact of the actual remains that have to be taken care of in the company and in its employees’ minds. It demands idealization and disclosure of everlasting knowledge that is created over a certain period of time. This usually requires basic changes to already set cultural notions in companies and more so in the minds of their employees. (Fahy, 1996) Also operational infrastructure is changed through human resources organizational practices that are managed and received by the employees and other people in a different way altogether. A basic revamping of a knowledge-centered company is required here, which would involve the job ladders, compensations,

BAT concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

BAT concept - Essay Example 'Permitted processes have to show that they have applied the best available technique (BAT) approach when applying for an IPPC permit'. Considering this statement, a critical evaluation will be done in this paper on the ways pollution is regulated in England and Wales and whether or not BAT should be applied. BAT is seen to be the most effective way of controlling and reducing the emission of hazardous pollutants into the atmosphere. Following points will throw light on the purpose of BAT (Scottish Executive, 2006) & (EC, 2003). A relevant example is of petrochemical company in South England .The requirement was to use butadiene from pure butenes for its down-stream processes knowing the fact that butadiene is a pollutant. Since it was a major requirement, they extracted butadiene from butenes using cuprous ammonium acetate. In doing so, 200 tones of ammonia and 140 tones of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were emitted in air. 300 tones of ammonia and 6 tones of copper ran into the systems purifying water (Slater, D.). Since these amounts were disturbing, the company decided to replace the butene extraction process with a new process named 'Catalytic Hydrogenation Process' which had zero emissions to air during the reduction of butadiene to butene. The results after changing the procedures showed that annually, only 7 tones of VOCs were released in air from valves of the system and less than 1 kilogram of hydrocarbons were released to water (Slater, D.). Another company owned by an American manufacturer of fluorescent tubes had to shift to a cleaner process in order to minimize emissions of VOCs in air. The tubes, coated with phosphor, lost 500 tones of xylene in air. It took 30 years for the company to design and implement a cleaner process that would reduce the environmental risks. A water-based carrier system was installed in the UK factory. As s result, only 1.25 tones of ammonia were lost in air annually (Slater, D.). Pollution Regulation in England and Wales In 2008, a consultation plan on 'The Pollution Inventory 2009-2011' for pollution regulation in England and Wales was passed by the Environmental Agency aiming to improve environmental conditions in UK (EA, 2008). The aim of Pollution Inventory (PI) is to reduce all the sources of pollution caused by the industrial activities by (EA, 2008): Warning the industrialists about the pollution caused from industrial activities so that they realise the responsibility of being a good citizen and encouraging them to apply and use environmental- friendly procedures in installing and operating industries. Supporting common people to gain information about pollution caused

Critical evaluate (debate) the positive (good) and negative (bad) Essay

Critical evaluate (debate) the positive (good) and negative (bad) influence of knowledge management and organizational learning to an organization to form competitive advantage - Essay Example nt position in this as they are the real â€Å"knowledge producers† and hence any new knowledge that a company looks for is produced courtesy through these people. (Rocca, 1992) Competitive success is basically commanded by the companys capability to harness and indeed develop new forms of knowledge, gained either by observation or by experience attained, which can be called as assets that in turn create the required â€Å"core competencies† of the said organization. (Sims, 2002) While these competencies do exist in many forms, learning on the part of a particular company plays a pivotal role, which eventually ventures into other resources of knowledge to generate high-class and exceptional showing from the company’s employees. (Dunn, 2001) Core competencies, which usually flow out of a company, provide characteristic benefits to both the customers as well as any other individuals attached with it. These are generally espied as being the foundation of forming a competitive advantage within the said company. (Chang, 2001) It is quite true that there is a host of ways in which new knowledge within a company is facilitated within its ranks. The need here is to classify them with respect to their importance, which include the cultural infrastructure can be changed within a company so as to gather some proportion to the fact of the actual remains that have to be taken care of in the company and in its employees’ minds. It demands idealization and disclosure of everlasting knowledge that is created over a certain period of time. This usually requires basic changes to already set cultural notions in companies and more so in the minds of their employees. (Fahy, 1996) Also operational infrastructure is changed through human resources organizational practices that are managed and received by the employees and other people in a different way altogether. A basic revamping of a knowledge-centered company is required here, which would involve the job ladders, compensations,

Settlement of the West over the Whole Period Essay Example for Free

Settlement of the West over the Whole Period Essay In considering the process of the settlement of the West over the whole period, how far can the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 be seen as the key turning point? The war of 1812 was followed by a period of exploration of the West which had been greatly expanded by the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. The process of expansion was huge and resulted in the original 13 states being 45 states by 1906. As well as the Louisiana Purchase, the Mexican-American War and the Californian Gold Rush of 1848, the Homestead Act of 1862 and the Exodus movement from 1879 were all key turning points which helped the process of Westward Expansion. The key criteria for judging a turning point is if the event created opportunities to go west, if it opened up land to settle in and if it had a psychological impact on the nation. The Louisiana Purchase was a very significant event as it increased the size of the United States by double overnight for only $15 million. This was a key turning point in expansion as it opened up a huge amount of land for more settlers (an extra 828,000 square miles). Alongside this it created opportunities for people to travel west as it gave access to the Mississippi river which was important for travel and commerce. This purchase was also significant in the fact that it created a more secure environment for settlers as it eliminated the French from imperial competition, Jefferson believed the French were restricting US commerce and that they tried to control surrounding territory. Therefore this event affected the process of change as it allowed America to spread its resources and encouraged people to move west, such as the Indians which were encouraged to settle there. The most important reason for this event being a turning point was that it opened up a large amount of land to settle in, a lot of the further events which take place would not have happened if it wasn’t for this territory being the United States’ and so provided many reasons for expansion to continue. Another key event which took place was the Mexican American War of 1848 which begun because Texas was a gateway to the pacific and was a great agricultural prospect. This was a key turning point as it had a big psychological impact on the people of America as many believed in the Manifest destiny, in that America had a right to expand, and so supported the annexation of Texas which increased their spirits on westward settlement. Polk deliberately provoked a war as he knew they could easily be overcome. The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in 1848 which ceded California, Texas and New Mexico. Another reason for this being a turning point is that it gave access to the pacific meaning that farming was capable so created further opportunities to go west and again meant that transportation was made easier for commerce. The key reason this was a turning point was manifest destiny which was completed after this event. America had managed to secure land coast-to-coast which was a huge psychological moral boost for America who now knew they had a lot of power with a lot of land. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo led to California being ceded to Americ a. In 1848 there was the Californian Gold rush which primarily lasted until the early 1850’s with millions of families travelling from around the world to California and surrounding areas in search for fortune. In 1850, California (now a new state) had nearly 40% foreign born inhabitants, showing that this event increased the diversity of people settling West, but also inspired many to go as they believed a new life could be made from the Gold being found. Furthermore it dramatically increased the speed of people moving out west, by 1853 the population was approximately 250,000 whereas in 1848 the Californian territory had less than 1000 inhabitants. The Gold caused a great economic boom which created infrastructures leading to many people settling here and encouraged more to move west. The Californian Gold Rush’s most important reason that it is a turning point in westward expansion is that it created opportunities. It allowed people to make a lot of money from the Gold, but also from new businesses which were now being created due to a new market of people, and because of this and the great boom, many people started to settle here at a very fast rate. In 1862 the Homestead Act was put into place, this allowed farmers to acquire 160 acres of land if they lived there for 5 years, or for 6 months with an additional payment of $1.25 per acre. This was significant as it allowed small scale settlement to develop. In some ways this could be seen as a turning point as it gave farmers a chance to be economically dependent, which gave them opportunities to expand or to do other thing with their money. It also inspired many people to go west and take up these lands which could be seen from figures that show that 400,000 families set up there taking 285 million acres of land. On the other hand, there were points which showed that this wasn’t as significant as it seemed. Most significantly, there was a 43% failure rate for those trying to get land in Nebraska under the Homestead Act showing that it wasn’t as easy to settle west as the act tried to make it. Furthermore, land was put into the hands of men who had no sufficient foresight so even though this land was meant for farming, many people who didn’t know what to do with it took it up and eventually a lot of the land went to waste. This act of 1862 could be seen as a turning point mainly because of how it inspired many people to go west due to the huge amount of land it opened up allowing people to profit from it from farming. To conclude, the Louisiana Purchase which nearly doubled America overnight for just $15million was the key turning point in Westward expansion. This is because the other events which occurred which are all significant in their own right would not have occurred if they did not have the land. The conflict between Mexico and America would not have occurred as Polk would not have been inclined to want Texas as they would not have been near it. Therefore the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo would not have taken place which ceded California. Even though the Gold Rush would have still occurred in 1848, the sudden increase in prosperity due to the economic boom would not have helped America and therefore would not have been made an American state. Lastly, even though the Homestead Act of 1862 was not very successful, it still inspired many families to travel west, increased settlement there and helped westward expansion. However even this would not have happened if it wasn’t for the land being there in the first place due to the Louisiana Purchase.

The Meaning of Art in Society

The Meaning of Art in Society In this paper we will discuss the concept of art by presenting out perception, defining our preferred art forms and drawing a conclusion by applying the theory of aesthetics, semiology (semiotics) and hermeneutics. The main goal is to look at different art forms in order to evaluate the meaning and place of arts in our society. Animation as an art form Animation, as an art form can be presented as entertainment, education, information, inspiration showing us the world in such a different way we do not imagine it. In this case, we can look at animators as artists and entertainers as well. They are always striving to give us a new perception of the surrounding environment and always doing it in such a funny and simple way. The power of animators is that they can tell edifying story in way that live action could not. By taking us in a new reality, animation professionals show us animated characters presented as real human beings. We can find a lot of common with them because they are all like us with the entire behavior, attitude and feelings. Thus, we could consider the animation as a mirror, reflection of our own physical and mental evolution. In this way, we can conclude that the development of animation goes together with the development of our society. With all the changes in our lives, the massage and the way it is delivered cha nge as well. All the art forms, including literature, painting, sculpture, and dance are about telling a story or making a statement. As a part of this group animation is educational tool and inspiration for all generations because everyone could find some new and useful ideas in such a simple story. Going out of imagination limits this form is accessible for everyone no matter the age, social and financial status. Animation has a rich and long history. The first animation form came on the scene in the early 1900s. J. Steward Blackton produced the first stop-frame animated cartoon, titled Humorous Phases of a Funny Face, in 1906. Another early landmark was Winsor McCays Gertie the Dinosaur (1914), a popular animated feature consisting of 10,000 illustrations hand-drawn on rice paper by the McCay and an assistant. The best known of these film animators was Walt Disney, who in 1928 produced Steamboat Willie starring Mickey Mouse, and who in 1937 brought to the American movie screen the first full-length animated film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Disney introduced numerous technical refinements and innovations intro his animated features in order to provide greater realism and to heighten the illusion of depth. Since the early days, animators have used new technologies to their advantage. Some of the techniques used by animators nowadays include cel animation, clay animation, pixelation, rotoscoping, photo montage, puppetry, cut-paper animation, and computer animation, Although the artist remains a dominant figure in the animation process, the introduction of computers has brought about a major transformation in the animation industry. Not only is computer automation cutting production time and costs, it is also producing startling new effects and unprecedented results in the animation features and programs being shown on our television screens, computer monitors, and movie screens. As technology continue to develop and gives us new tools and opportunities the animators will be challenged to use them in order to tell us new entertaining stories and show us the world in new and different way. The future of animation looks to be bright but the development depends on the professionals ability to use the new technologies and methods in the right way striving always to get beyond spectators imagination. The premises for success are not far to seek. Hermeneutics of Animation: Hermeneutics is the study of interpretation theory, and can be either the art of interpretation, or the theory and practice of interpretation. Animation is interpreted as a picture of entertainment. People like to entertain themselves and animation is a good way to escape from the everyday pressure and relax. People always like to feel happy. Animation is inviting people to spend their free time by watching a good production and become a guilty pleasure for some of them. This art form is not about children, culture and social status. Wherever animation is played, class, race and nationality do no longer exist. Peoples roles of judgment and imagination play both in our experiences of animation and its critical interpretation, and reevaluate our current understandings of animations transformative power. Semiotics of Animation: Semiotics deals with meanings and messages in all their forms and in all their contexts(R.E. Innis,1985); the subject matter of semiotics is the exchange of any messages whatsoever in a word communication (T.A. Sebeok ,1994). Animation can be used to exploit familiar processes, or objects that have properties similar to the context of the intended message Animators must also appreciate the need to use appropriate levels of abstraction. Animations should not contain objects or actions which are so detailed that they cause information overload. Equally, animations should not contain objects or actions that are so abstract that they cannot be associated with the real life experiences of the viewer. Leaning Tower of Pisa The Leaning Tower of Pisa or simply the Tower of Pisa the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa. It is situated behind the Cathedral and is the third oldest structure in Pisas Cathedral Square after the Cathedral and the Baptistery. Although intended to stand vertically, the tower began leaning to the southeast soon after the onset of construction in 1173 due to a poorly laid foundation and loose substrate that has allowed the foundation to shift direction. The tower presently leans to the southwest. The Tower of Pisa is a work of art, performed in three stages over a period of about 177 years. Construction of the first floor of the white marble campanile began on August 9, 1173, a period of military success and prosperity. This first floor is a blind arcade articulated by engaged columns with classical Corinthian capitals. According to me as any building construction which is manmade I think that the leaning tower of Pisa is a piece of art because of many reasons. It is considered to be a unique piece of art because of its structure and because of its existing. As you know this tower leans to southwest from its beginning and this made it a really nice art element which is known in the entire word. The fact that everybody knows this monument makes it an art form visited every year by tourists from all over the world. What I like in this monument and make it e real piece of art is that when they started to build, the tower collapsed because of the soft soil under it. People who were involved in this construction did not give up. By this time the Pisans (people from Pisa) were in civil war with Genoa, Lucca and Florence so they leave the tower for almost a century and after that they started to build again, because this was the symbol of their city and this shows their love and passion to the city and why this monument is so special for them. In my opinion this is more than art this is something which is emblematic for the construction by this period. Another thing which makes this a unique piece of art is that after finishing the tower many of the famous painters started to visit Pisa and settle their camp near by the tower and paint many pictures from each side of the monument so they painted in different angle. Therefore today you can see many different pictures of leaning tower of Pisa sometimes is leaning left side, in other cases backwards. This is unique because each painter interpret this tower by himself and shows to the world his own view and own understanding of this piece of art which is imbibed for many people which are involved in art. One more thing proving the uniqueness of this monument is that even today the great mass continues to sink very slowly. It is a question of about 1 mm. every year. Since nobody can state with mathematical security that this sinking will continue in the future at the present yearly rate, without its ceasing, remedies by means of adequate measures, based on scientific studies and projects, are under consideration. In the meantime supervision with instruments of very high precision is continuously being carried out. In my opinion, the leaning tower of Pisa can be connceted to the semiology by this way. As we know semiology is a study of a sign and it can be applied to many things and one of them is architectural monuments as is this tower. So the tower in Pisa is absolute sign for the city and it is their symbol which represents them in front of the entire world. Therefore the Pisans (locals) finished it when she collapsed, because they really want this monument to be in their city to show that the Italians did not give up. Nowadays when you hear Pisa the first association is the leaning tower therefore this is a sign which makes this city so famous and visited by many tourists every year. In conclusion I would like to say that it does not matter that this thing which you look at is something really unique or is something very simple like a small stone standing in the corner of an art gallery everything can be art it depends on how you see the things and how they touch your sense. We can find art all over the place; it depends on the ways of seeing. The Eiffel Tower This is a 19th century iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris that has become both a global icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world. The Eiffel Tower, which is the tallest building in Paris, is the single most visited paid monument in the world; millions of people ascend it every year. Named after its designer, engineer Gustave Eiffel, the tower was built as the entrance arch for the 1889 Worlds Fair. The tower stands at 324 m tall, It was the tallest structure in the world from its completion until 1930, when it was eclipsed by the Chrysler Building in New York City. The tower has three levels for visitors. The walk to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the walk from the first to the second level. The third and highest level is accessible only by lift. The tower has become the most prominent symbol of both Paris and France. Its iconic status is so established that it even serves as a symbol for the entire nation of France, such as when it was used as the logo for the French bid to host the 1992 Summer Olympics. When it was built after its completion it was considered to be one of the ugliest buildings in the world, but for me this is incredible piece of art and now it is one of the most impressive buildings in the world. I have been under the Eiffel Tower and thing which impress me a lot is the design. If we have to say something about how it is connected to tourism we just must notice how popular is: more than 200,000,000 people have visited the tower since its construction in 1889, including 6,719,200 in 2006, making it the most visited paid monument in the world. Another interesting thing which is good to be mentioned is that The Eiffel Tower is also very reproductive: As one of the most iconic images in the world, the Eiffel Tower has been the inspiration for dozens of duplicate and similar towers around the world. Aesthetics: is concerned with the theory of beauty, but today it tends to be just concerned with the question of how we decide whether a work of art is good or not. Most judgments of this sort are based on either issues of form or content. For me the Eiffel Tower is great piece of work. From aesthetics point of view in order to maintain a uniform appearance to an observer on the ground, three separate colors of paint are used on the tower, with the darkest on the bottom and the lightest at the top. On occasion the colour of the paint is changed; the tower is currently painted a shade of brownish-grey. On the first floor there are interactive consoles hosting a poll for the colour to use for a future session of painting the only non-structural elements are the four decorative grillwork arches, added in Stephen Sauvestres sketches, which served to reassure visitors that the structure was safe, and to frame views of other nearby architecture. Hermeneutics: This is essentially the philosophy of interpretation and meaning. It began as the study Biblical texts, but in the last 450 years has expanded to cover all forms of culture. There are a number of different approaches to hermeneutics but they all deal with very similar questions and issues. How is our interpretation influenced and determined by our level of knowledge and our position in history, society and culture? How can we try to ensure that our interpretation of signifiers, words, language, arts, culture is a good one? I think that Eiffel Tower is piece of art because it is so great and tall, built so many years ago the tallest building in Europe. In the beginning the Paris citizens did not like it but now it is one of the most popular buildings in the world. The Eiffel Tower becomes very popular tourist attraction. So many people are going to see this attraction every year, to climb to top where they can see half of Paris. For me it is very beautiful land art. It inspires me when I am on top the feeling is great, built from so many fragments and so many people are working to keep it in perfect condition for the tourist. For conclusion I want to say that for me The Eiffel Tower is something very nice and everyone has to climb to the top to feel the wind.

School Violence :: School Violence Essays

From decade to decade, there has been a new type of fad to sweep the country. In the 50’s it was dancing and having fun. In the 60’s it was to dress freely and avoid the draft. The 70’s were full of pot smoking has-beens, the 80’s big hair and radical clothing. From the smallest of fades, the children in the 90’s have taken a whole new approach to the game. The changed the rules, that would affect the country for the rest of their existence. The fad? To act out in violence in school against eachother, not just fist to fist physical altercation, but from one boy’s fathers gun to another. The new fad is to take a school by a surprise attack and make news headlines. Quite a change from the early 50’s. So the question that boggles ever Americans mind, is why and how we allowed these children to invade and inhabit our lives and allow them to take the control they have at this point. The question can only be answered by figuring out the exac t problem to a â€Å"T†. We need to figure out every aspect of what they are doing. What are the exact statistics on the teen crime rate? How can we stop it? Let’s start by recognizing the problem and deal with it from there. Here is the first step. Here are some solutions to the high rising problem, I have supplied part of the solution, it is now up to the public to take action. Three-quarters or more of all schools reported having zero tolerance policies for various student offenses. "Zero tolerance policy" was defined as a school or district policy that mandates predetermined consequence/s or punishments for specific offenses. About 90 percent of schools reported zero tolerance policies for firearms (94 percent) and weapons other than firearms. Eighty-seven and 88 percent had policies of zero tolerance for alcohol and drugs, respectively. Seventy-nine percent had a zero tolerance policy for violence and 79 percent had a zero tolerance policy for tobacco. Tobacco seems to be a rising problem on its own, and we as citizens, teachers and peers, need to do more to let the children know that this behavior is unacceptable, that they are in fact still children. Another way to help stop the prob lem is Requiring School Uniforms Public school principals were presented with a list of crimes and asked to report the number of incidents of each type of crime that had occurred at their schools during the 1996-97 school year.

Alcoholism :: social issues Drinking Alcohol Essays

Alcoholism Alcoholism, is an illness involving the excessive use of alcoholic beverages, whether it's a can of beer or other sources such as vodka, and whiskey etc. It often affects a lot of people and their families. I will discuss the symptoms of alcoholism. I will continue into the effects of alcoholism. Then conclude with the treatment of the disease. It is a very serious disease. Alcoholism has been often been thought of as a symptom of a psychological or social problem, or as a learned, behavior to cope with the everyday problems peoples lives. More recently alcoholism has become recognized disease of it's own Alcoholism usually develops over a period of a few years. Early symptoms include spending an excessive amount of limited income on alcohol. The availability of the alcohol influences the person's choice of friends and the things that they do. Alcohol becomes used as more of a relaxer than as a casual beverage. At first, the alcoholic may have a high tolerance of alcohol, drinking more and showing less effects than other drinkers. Alcohol begins to be more important than the persons relationships, work, or even their health. The person progresses by losing control over their drinking and are not able to control their habit. A physical addiction may come later to avoid the effects of a hangover. The effects on major organ systems include a wide range of digestive disorders such as ulcers, inflammation of the pancreas, and cirrhosis of the liver. The nervous system can also be permanently damaged. Blackouts, hallucinations, and extreme tremors may occur to the person as a direct result of drinking alcohol. Studies have evidence that shows that heavy or even moderate drinking during pregnancy can cause serious damage to the unborn child. This is known as fetal alcohol syndrome. About 10 percent of all the adult drinkers in the U.S. are considered alcoholics or they have some sort of drinking problem. The consumption of alcohol is currently rising in the U.S., and other countries like the U.S.S.R. and some of the European countries. There is also an increase of alcohol-related problems in other nations, including the Third World. Specialized treatment facilities within general or psychiatric hospitals are rapidly increasing in number. One of them is known as Charter. Earlier and better treatment has led to high recovery rates. In addition to physical complications and withdrawal symptoms, treatment involves counseling and group therapy such as AA are directed at complete recovery from the symptoms from alcoholism.

Ors Versus Crown Colony Government

In order to come to a conclusive response to the question of whether the 19th century debate over Crown Colony Government versus the Old Representative System as a mechanism of colonial rule in the 19th century British West Indies was and issue of democracy versus autocracy. I shall therefore distinguish between democracy and autocracy, and Old Representative System and the Crown Colony Government respectively. Moreover, I am going to prove from democratic standpoint that the Old representative system and the Crown Colony Government are different as it relates to the degree of democracy that was allowed within the two types of Governance. Trevor Monroe asserts that the word democracy comes from the bringing together of two Greek words, demos, which means people, and kratia, which means to rule. Monroe further asserts that in democratic states political rights are recognized and practiced to some degree (Munroe, 2002). Therefore, it is safe to say that autocracy is the opposite of democracy in that it is based on self derived power or in other words absolute authority and supremacy of an individual or group. Moreover, Monroe affirms that in authoritarian states there is no equality in the rule of the law, he goes on to mention that the laws within these states are for some but the rulers are above the law. The most critical point Monroe puts forward is that the rules that exist under an authoritarian system are influenced by the desires of the ruling group and may change from time to time(Monroe. 2002). Understanding these two terminologies will provide a clearer understanding to the reader as it relates to the Old Representative System and the Crown Colony Government. From the inception of slavery in the Caribbean to the time of the Crown Colony Government, the ideology of the powers that be (plantocracy or elite) was to maintain absolute power and control over the people who were considered of a lower class (Slaves). To get a better grasp of the architecture of the Old Representative System and its functions I shall therefore focus on the writings of Edward long and Brian Edwards. Long and Edwards affirms that the Old Representative system was the predominant constitutional form in the British colonies in the West Indies during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Long and Edwards go on further to state that â€Å"as a governmental system, the ORS consisted of three basic elements in the form or Governor, Council, and Assembly†. The Governor as the authors explain was the chief executive and was appointed by the Crown and was the local representative of imperial interest in the colony (Long and Edward. 004). The council, the authors assert was appointed by the Crown on the recommendation of the Governor, functioned as a second chamber of the colonial legislature and also as an advisory council to the Governor who exercised, under the general supervision of the crown, general powers of suspension and dismissal over its members. Based on the information being presented by the authors it can clearly be seen that there was some form of limited democracy. Long and Edwards affirms that in some colonies, the council acting together with the Governor, also exercised judicial functions as an appellate court in cases involving sums in excess of three hundred pounds but not exceeding five hundred pounds, in which case appeals lay to the crown’s privy council. Lastly, long and Edwards asserts that the assemblies varied in size and were elected by freeholders on a franchise which in it self varied among different colonies. The author’s articulate that the constitutional form together with the respective powers and functions of the constituent elements of the ORS were laid down in the commission and instructions issued to the Governor by the Crown under the authority of the royal prerogative (Long and Edward. 2004). Long and Edward provides evidence to support the fact that there was limited democracy with the ORS. They stated that â€Å"within the overall framework of the ORS, it was clearly intended that the Assemble should be subordinate to the Governor and Council†. The general subordination of the assembly was secured by the power of the Governor to refuse assent legislative power with the assembly, including the right to amend money bills passed by the Assembly. According to Long and Edward however, in spite of these restrictions, the Assembly through the effective use of its power over supplies, acquired considerable power and became the dominant element of the colonial constitutional structure, in the face of determined attempts on the part of the imperial government to limit its legislative competence and to confine its power within the legal bounds of a provincial council.

Internet, or computers is a new necessity Essay

This paper asserts that the Internet is not a luxury anymore in everyday life, hence it is has become a new necessity and that the Internet today benefits many aspects of life physically, economically and socially. This paper will prove these assertions with evidence and counterarguments by overcoming by at least one argument that may forwarded against. Starting with physical reason, it is argued by some that Internet is should only be used by those in the office and those who have the luxury of time and money. Computers which are means to access the Internet are needed only if one has money is the justification of some. This may have been the result a survey conducted for the Americans (Pew Research Center, 2006) where the respondents were all rich and therefore they can afford to have computers that would eventually lead them to have a continuous access in the Internet. If one ask a group of people who have no money, will they then answer the same thing or will they answer that they also need the internet only that they cannot afford? This paper believes the second argument that the lack of money in the meantime is equivalent to absence of need. This is argument may be the result the of movement to give one laptop for each child by a non government organization despite the utter lack of money of every child to have the access to the internet. The hidden reason is the indispensability of having to be linked to the world to benefit from the knowledge economy. The lack of money should not be therefore a reason recognize that the need is not there. To further support this counter argument is the belief that a hungry man who cannot afford to eat does not mean that he or she does not need the food the food anymore. What the hungry do is to find the means in order to have that food. For economic reason, it is argued by some that access to the Internet via computers should only be accessed by those who have financial transactions via the network. The internet is supposed to facilitate business communications among those who are into it like the banks. The said argument misses the point of having to have access in the Internet. Who else will not need the banking industry this time? If one belongs to a third world country and waits for a cash remittance from a first world country, does he or she not know that the money will have to pass through the Internet that links the banks around the world. In case the remitter and the expected recipient will encounter a problem with the remittance, will they not require the use of the Internet to facilitate the communication? If this happened before, they can talk via phone but this time a cheaper mode is available. They can chat in the Internet and they can solve their problem from there. That point of this counter argument is that business entities use the Internet, the public will have to follow using the same because that is demanded by the need of the times. It may be explained that the banking industry are interlinked around the world, hence to say that they are not interlinked is shortsightedness. Investors from richer countries of the world are pouring their investments in poorer countries too with the expectation of the developing the market. What will this rich investor’s do is to employ people from these poor countries and the moment these workers have financial capacity, they will immediately become members of the financial community that lives on computers and the Internet. With communications to have become cheaper, the Internet has employed many which afforded people to better educate them selves. Because of the Internet, people can now study online and can transact online. Shall not the better education and better communication caused by the Internet then? For social reason, Hertlein and Sendak (n. d. ) also argued that increasingly a part of everyday life, the Internet allows users to develop online interpersonal relationships and this resulted to breach of relationships and trust and commitment of previously existing assumed romantic relationships. They thus argued for Internet infidelity resulting from these breaches. They also noted that fact that as the Internet has the ability to affect the structure, timing, and rhythm of relationships, it also inherently affects the manner in which a couple defines intimacy in a way that couples who once felt that they were close and connected may now struggle with a new set of rules and codes of conduct that are ambiguous and upon which they may not agree under the present level of technology using the Internet. Seeing the effect of such change on interpersonal relationships, they saw the effect of a â€Å"compromised intimacy and a devaluing of the primary relationship, potentially cascading into other significant problems. † (Hertlein and Sendak, n. d. ). It may be counter-argued however that what may have been termed as internet infidelity may infer that as an increased freedom to communicate and express oneself because freedom allows so. It cannot be argued that the Internet cause infidelity because it is the human person who made the choice to communicate for more freely to other people. To justify their points, Hertlein, and Sendak said that the paradoxical nature of online relationships has been noted by many where they illustrated cases of people engaged in online relationships that can choose to present a detached attachment. They explained that Internet allows for immediacy of communication and interaction while maintaining anonymity thus allowing transmittal of confessional self-disclosure. This, the authors found causes â€Å"elements of a disembodied corporeality, easily abandoned high investment and strictly private proclamations of the union. † (Hertlein and Sendak,n.d. ) Again this appears to be short sighted interpretation of the use of the Interne since it is still the human person who will make a choice and not the Internet. It may be argued that people make choices not the Internet. As further evidence against the use of the Internet, Hertlein, and Sendak found flirting in use of the Internet, masturbations committed online (Hertlein and Sendak , n. d). They cited Maheu and Subotnik who found flirtation leads to erotic satisfaction â€Å"as there is a mental ability to disassociate the online sex with anything having to do with a person’s real life. † (M Mahu & R Subotnik, 9) They also cited research estimates that about 20% of Internet users while online to have engaged in some sexual activity (Cooper, Scherer, & Mathy, 2001). On a balancing note, as counterargument against the use of the Internet, Hertlein, and Sendak (n. d. ) cited that benefits from the use of the Internet such as the shift to better intellectual and emotional relationships of individuals due to individuals’ greater appreciation for online relationships. They cited a study, where participants reported greater levels of satisfaction with their online relationships than with their face-to-face relationships (Underwood, H & B Findlay, 127-140). They also noted greater freedom to express feelings that could not be done in non-virtual relationships specially the for men. Before one knows it one is confession all sorts of things in the Internet and it is good for people psychologically. Good relationships may be produced in the net because of more freedom to express oneself or the result of an incontrovertible marketing of the self. In ace-to-face communication, one who engages in a relationship must in many aspects expose one’s identity to be potentially judged and the self cannot escape the agony of embarrassment. But in the Internet one can do many things like disguising in many names but with the eventual benefit of self discovery and more psychologically matured to face the world. Thus, Hertlein, and Sendak found that Internet users shape personal demographic information to be in better compliance with what they assume to be others’ version of the ideal mate that in so doing, a person may better come to understand how one’s own being can change. With the anonymity therefore afforded on the Internet that enhances one’s ability to promote any chosen identity, experimentation with different identities has become familiar commonly understood and practices by many in the Internet. What is the effect of all this is the social construction of self as highlighted and elevated? (Hertlein and Sendak, n. d). This paper has proven that the use of the computer or the Internet has become a necessity physically, economically and socially. The arguments forwarded against were overcome by contrary evidence. The physical reason that only in the office have need of the internet has almost made everybody not able almost able to live without the computer or the Internet because it is those who have the resources who make the world running by forcing almost every to see the benefits of the technology. One cannot refuse money passing through the high technology banking using the Internet. One will have to be eventually become part of the banking system of the international communication promoted by the Internet. The economic reasons are obvious. Who does not want cheaper cost of communication and faster way of service? Who would not want to see what is happening in the world when one will have the money to buy even a gadget to have access in the Internet? What would have caused the non-governmental organization to dream for one laptop for each child despite the financial incapacity to acquire one? Should we not rather conclude that there is a strong belief that they the acquisition of knowledge of more knowledge the faster way that will cause intellectual and economic prosperity of these children? There is also enough ground to overcome the argument that that increasingly a part of everyday life, the Internet has allowed the online interpersonal relationships that resulted to breach of relationships and trust and commitment of previously which were romantic relationships before. That the Internet has the ability to affect the structure, timing, and rhythm of relationships, to have affected the couple definition of intimacy in a way that couples who once felt that they were close and connected may now struggle with a new set of rules and codes of conduct that are ambiguous are just sighs of enlightened path for more freedom to intimacy in other forms. It was explained that what may have been termed as internet infidelity is actually a failure to appreciate and adjust to changing reality that people have become more socially adjustable indeed because of the technology. It was thus observed that people engaged in online relationships that can have a detached attachment, immediacy of communication and interaction while maintaining anonymity which transmittal of confessional self-disclosure. The finding by authors of more socially adjusted beings mere pointed to the need to have the technology these days where people could now have parties and occasions even if these people are apart from each other. The argument against by using on line or Internet infidelity is a shortsighted interpretation of the use of the technology as it is basic to understand that it is still the human person who will make a choice and not the Internet. The finding also that online activities resulted to flirtation leading to erotic satisfaction given the mental ability to disassociate the online sex with anything having to do with a person’s real life is just a revelation that man has been doing the same thing in secret with or without the Internet. The Internet was invented to serve mankind and since necessity is the mother of all inventions, one could not but accept the fact the invention has become a necessity. The ever increasing growth of the industry are living proofs Internet is to remain in the lives of many people because not only that the advantages of far outweighs the disadvantages of having the same but the technology come into being because of the need to survive. Economically speaking technology increased production and productivity although population continuously grows. Works Cited:Cooper, Scherer, & Mathy, Overcoming †¦over a 5-year Period’, Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 84(2): 352–64, 2001 D Greenfield, Virtual Addiction. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications, 1999. Hertlein and Sendak, Love â€Å"Bytes†: Internet Infidelity and the Meaning of Intimacy in Computer-Mediated Relationships, n. d. , www document} URL http://www. inter-disciplinary. net/ptb/persons/pil/pil1/hertleinsendak%20paper. pdf, Accessed July 14,2007 M Mahu & R Subotnik, Infidelity on the Internet. Naperville, Illinois: Sourcebooks, Inc. , 2001, p. 9. Nie, N. Sociability, Interpersonal Relations, and the InternetReconciling Conflicting Findings, 2001, Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 45, No. 3, 420-435 (2001)2001 SAGE Publications, {www document} URL , Pew Research Center Luxury or Necessity? Things We Can’t Live Without: The List Has Grown in the Past Decade December 14, 2006, {www document} URL, http://pewresearch. org/pubs/323/luxury-or-necessity, Accessed July 14,2007 Underwood, H & B Findlay, ‘Internet Relationships and Their Impact on Primary Relationship’, Behavior Change, 21/2, 2004, pp. 127-140.