John Lennons Use of Writing in Lyrics Essay - 1674 Words

John Lennon, the late Beatle, and immortal Walrus, said, â€Å"I am he as you are he as you are me and we are all together. See how they run, like pigs from a gun, see how they fly-I’m crying.† And, the strangest thing about it is, after A Hard Day’s Night of typing this into my computer’s grammar checker, the program didn’t indicate a single error. Imagine, three decades before the age of the word processor, Lennon made his words Come Together. Think back to secondary school. What would many of your teacher’s reaction have been had you written what John Lennon did? I think I have an idea how some of my teachers might have reacted. I’d likely have been referred to the guidance counselor for drug counseling, and I’d have been sent home with†¦show more content†¦In fact, some went so far as to compare the work to poetry. Based upon what we perceived to be indicators of his social background, many of us may have felt pressure to be politically correct in our initial evaluation of John’s assignment. In her essay, â€Å"On the Subjects of Class and Gender in ‘The Literacy Papers’,† Linda Brodkey writes, â€Å"Since writers cannot avoid constructing a social and political reality in their texts, as teachers we need to learn how to ‘read’ the various relationships between writer, reader, and reality that language and discourse supposedly produce† (640). I believe the opinion was unanimous that his writing skills are poor and in serious need of attention. Therefore, based upon the vague parameters of the assignment and the fact that it was an initial paper in a remedial composition course, agreeing on a letter grade posed some problems for us. If you recall, there were those of us who were quite lenient in our assessment, and there were those who tended to grade the composition more strictly. I’ll add that even those who went easy on the assignment agreed that they would get tougher on John’s future writing. Brodkey adds, â€Å"The question then is how to read what students write. And at issue is the unquestioned power of a pedagogical authority that insists that teachers concentrate on form at the expense of content† (640). I suggest that the scenario posed by this student presents an ethical question: Is it fair to judgeShow MoreRelated`` Imagine `` By John Lennon : An Intellectual Or An Emotional Impact On Society1105 Words   |  5 PagesSome poets prefer to use specific form, style, and tone; however, others rejected the idea and simply wrote what they preferred. One demands simple things of a poem. A poem must have a meaning, an intellectual or an emotional impact on society, and some sort of rhythmic scheme. Today, is it easy to find poetry and poets everywhere. A very common place where poetry is found, but often overlooked, is in music. Lots of songwriters are known for their poetic qualities of the lyrics they write. â€Å"Imagine†Read MorePoetry Reflecting Cultural Progress: A Comparative Analysis of Langston Hughes and John Lennons Poems803 Words   |  3 Pagescases of authors Langston Hughes and John Lennon, each embodies the culture in which he was writing. The poems Mother to Son and Eleanor Rigby both share certain poetic elements which serve to reflect their cultures and to establish a narrative between the poet and his readership, or in the case of John Lennon, his listeners as Eleanor Rigby was recorded as a song and heard by music lovers around the world before it was recognized as a piece of brilliant lyric poetry. Although the two men wroteRead MoreEssay about The Beatles728 Words   |  3 Pages1. Comparison of Instrumentation In song #1, You’ve Got To Hide Your Love Away, features both John Lennon and Paul McCartney on the acoustic rhythm guitar, George Harrison on the acoustic lead guitar, Ringo Starr circulates between the tambourine, shaker, and maracas. Johnnie Scott plays the tenor and alto flutes (MacDonald, 148). In song #2, I’m Down, has a little different setup on instrumentation with McCartney on the electric bass, Lennon on the electric guitar, organ, Harrison on lead Read More Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Essay1609 Words   |  7 Pagesthese groups wrote songs that alluded to drug use at one time or another. Two of the most criticized songs from these bands are Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds by the Beatles, and White Rabbit by Jefferson Airplane. White Rabbit is a song latent with drug references. The connection with drugs in Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds is not as clear. Although John Lennon claims that he had no intention of making references to LSD in his song, the abstract lyrics and metaphoric language invite drug connotationRead MoreEssay on Rhetoric of Protest Songs1442 Words   |  6 Pageshundred years ago (Songs of Work and Protest 9). Protest music has developed over the years and has made its presence in history. The protest music of Vietnam War is the concentration of this paper. The two main artists of focus are Bob Dylan and John Lennon. Their songs will be analyzed and criticized naritively. Bob Dylan was one of the most influential musicians of the time. Dylan was born in the fine town of Duluth, Minnesota on May 24, 1941. He grew up in Hibbing, My life in a stolenRead MoreArtists that Influenced The Beatles Essay1573 Words   |  7 Pagesactually started his own group in 1957 known as The Eddie Clayton Skiffle Group. This form of music seemed to be the beginning of Ringo and the rest of The Beatles love of music. While John Lennon was in the Liverpool College of Arts, he grew to hate the conformity that surrounded him. His loath of conformity lead John to seek asylum in Rock and Roll. Paul McCartney’s love of music came early on thanks to his multi-talented musician father who had his own band. Last, but not least, George Harrison’sRead MoreA Brief Look at The Beatles and Their Music2906 Words   |  12 PagesBaltov described the primary mission of Marxism as â€Å"the dethronement of God† Baltov, V.A (2012). Reclaiming the Strike Zone: Do It American. Bloomington: AuthorHouse. p168. In the wider context, which would include Lennons post Beatle work; the track â€Å"imagine† with the opening lyric imagine theres no heaven would certainly make a comrade of anybody wishing for the dethronement of God. The young Karl Marx, was however, inspired by the story of Jesus chasing the money lenders out of the templeRead MoreHenry David Thoreau and the Counterculture1357 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough-out his writings while contemplating and imaging the industrialization and the war surrounding the nation. Thoreau brought forth his strong belief of imagination in his writings of Walden, sharing opinions on the beauty of nature and the beauty of being alone. he lived off of the strength of his imagination, and kept himself sane while completely alone in the Walden Woods. His imagination roamed the ideas of the laws of the universe, and soared the simplicities of life (Writings of Thoreau).Read MoreEssay on The Origin of Th e Beatles3014 Words   |  13 Pagesauditioned at a church fà ªte in Woolton, Liverpool, for the guitarists position in the Quarrymen, a skiffle group led by John Lennon (b. 9 October 1940, Liverpool, England, d. 8 December 1980, New York, USA). Within a year, two more musicians had been brought in, the 15-year-old guitarist George Harrison (b. 25 February 1943, Liverpool, England) and an art school friend of Lennons, Stuart Sutcliffe (b. 23 June 1940, Edinburgh, Scotland, d. 10 April 1962, Hamburg, Germany). After a brief spell as JohnnyRead MoreBob Dylans Impact on Popular Music1013 Words   |  5 Pagesanswer is out there, there is no right and wrong. No one way we are being told to live by, but only personal interpretation and self growth. This idea alone spawned a new vision for popular music. â€Å"A Hard Rains A-Gonna Fall†, continued this with a lyric structure of question and answer in the style if the traditional ballad â€Å"Lord Randall†, Child Ballad Number 12. This displayed a level of musicianship never before shown in folk music, a degree of development that completely broke the rules and conventions

Attention Interference, Automatic Processing, and the...

The experiment tests whether conflict takes place between the automatic process of reading a word and the controlled process of naming the ink colour of the word by replicating a version of the Stroop effect. A sample of 20 volunteering participants, 10 men and 10 women, aged 18-69, took part in the experiment. Participants were given two conditions, one list with colour-related distractor words and one list with colour-neutral words. For each participant, time necessary to name the ink colour of the list of words was recorded per condition. The results showed that participants named the ink colours of neutral words faster than of colour-related distractor words ( Overall alpha level was .011). Therefore, we can say that participants’†¦show more content†¦Word meaning is processed involuntarily thereby slowing down colour naming as attention is divided. The Stroop effect was retested by using a list of semantically-related distractor words instead of colour words and a list of colour-neutral words. The one-tailed hypothesis is that reaction time between stimulus and response will be longer when colour-related words are in a colour that is incongruent with the word. The null hypothesis is that there will be no difference in the reaction time for the two lists. METHODS Design The experiment had a within-participant design. The dependent variable was the total time taken in seconds to name the colour of the ink of the 30 words in the list and was measured to the nearest second by the experimenter with a stopwatch. The independent variable was represented by two conditions which consisted of two lists of words with repeated colour scheme; one list with the incongruent distractor words and one list with colour-neutral words. In the experimental condition participants had to name the ink colour of colour-related distractor words which were incongruent with the words. In the control condition participants had to name the ink colour of colour-neutral words which were incongruent with the words. The conditions were counterbalanced to avoid order and practiseShow MoreRelatedThe Stroop Effect Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesThe Stroop effect is demonstrated by the reaction time to determine a color when the color is printed in a different color’s name. Participants respond slower or make more errors when the meaning of the word is incongruent with the color of the word. Despite knowing the meaning of the word, participants showed incapability of ignoring the stimulus attribute. This reflects a clear instance of semantic interference and an unfathomed failure of selective attention (Stroop, 1935). In the study of theRead MoreA Replication of the Stroop Effect1944 Words   |  8 PagesA Replication of the Stroop Effect Kimber-Ann Cook Broughton High School 3/26/08 Ms. Greene IB Psychology SL 1, 738 Abstract The Stroop (1935) effect is the inability to ignore a color word when the task is to report the ink color of that word (i.e., to say green to the word RED in green ink). The present study investigated whether object-based processing contributes to the Stroop effect. According to this view, observers are unable to ignore irrelevant features of an attended object (KahnemanRead MoreThe Effect Of Automatic And Controlled Processing On The Way Of Thinking1510 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction J.R. Stroop conducted an experiment in 1935, where he studied the difference of automatic and controlled processing through his experiment called the Stroop Effect . Automatic processing can be defined as an implicit way of thinking that is unconscious, while controlled processing is intentional. The experiment dealt with Stroop giving the participants two list in different conditions. While the participants read the lists, they were told to read them as fast as possible. In the firstRead MoreThe Stroop Effect2978 Words   |  12 PagesAbstract The aim of this experiment is to study autonomic processes by replicating the previously carried out Stroop effect by using numbers. A number of 180 random participants aged in between 18-89 were recruited to participate in this experiment. Participants were presented with a stroop experiment task sheet which consists of three parts which was the control, congruent and incongruent conditions. Time was taken and recorded for each participant to say out the number of stars in the control conditionRead MoreTesting of the Stroop Effect in Colour-Associated Words and Neutral Words1218 Words   |  5 PagesTesting of the Stroop effect in colour-associated words and neutral words Abstract Study examined the Stroop effect in words which are not colours, but represent related object connected to certain colours and whether that would yield similar or the same effect as the classic Stroop study. Previous studies such as Stroops (1935) found out a clash between controlled and automatic processing, which resulted in delayed answering. This experiment was conducted for 20 participants of both sexesRead MoreUnderstanding the Results: Breakdown of the Stroop Effect1199 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding the Results: The Breakdown of the Stroop Effect The beauty of science is the fact that it is not ever a complete certainty. There are times when an experiment might yield results that conflict with prior results in past experiments, which then forces the researcher to try to account for the possibility of new findings that lay outside the range of prior discourse. This is the case here, where a variation of the Stroop test was conducted, with atypical results. After coming to theseRead MoreThe Effect Of Automatic Processes Interfering With Controlled Processes1552 Words   |  7 Pageshow these instances could cause hindrances when processing information; this is an underlying problem and has been known as interference. When you have attention on more than one thing you may be experiencing interference and this can inhibit cognitive processes. The effects of automatic processes interfering with controlled processes have been known to have been tested through something called a Stroop experiment. The revolutionary study by, Stroop (1935) used 5 different colors; purple, brown,Read MoreThe Matter Of Paying Attention1494 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The matter of â€Å"paying attention† is based on a series of cognitive functions. Attention, itself, is the ability to concentrate on a task, and the allocation of processing resources (Young, 2016). An aspect of attention, selective attention, focuses on the mental vitality and flexibility of our brain (Cognitive Psychology Class Notes, n.d.). The response of two or more conflicting signals is located in the part of the brain called the, anterior cingulate (Pardo, Pardo, Janer, RaichleRead MoreEffects Of Automatic Word Reading And Identifying Direction1741 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Automatic Word Reading and Identifying Direction Whether it is the modern day issue of texting and driving or simply studying for an exam in a noisy room most people experience distraction every day. What people may not know is how those distractions cause interferences when processing information; this is the underlying problem and has been known to be tested through something called a Stroop experiment. From referencing the original Stroop test that examined the interference ofRead More Verbal Reaction Times Experiment Essay2632 Words   |  11 Pagesas the obtained value was much greater then the critical value. It can therefore be concluded that visual interference does affect peoples verbal reactions. Introduction In 1935 John Ridley Stroop published his Ph.D. thesis entitled Studies of Interference in Serial Verbal Reactions - the findings of which became known as the Stroop Effect. Stroop mentioned many studies in his work but the two that are most relevant for this report are Brown (1915) and

The Secret Circle The Hunt Chapter 12 Free Essays

Cassie arrived at the beach for the full moon ceremony just as Diana was drawing a circle in the sand with her pearl-handled knife. It was already five minutes to midnight, when the moon would be at its highest point, so she had to hurry. Diana went around the circle with water she’d collected from the ocean, then with a stick of calamus-scented incense, and finally with a lighted white candle. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Hunt Chapter 12 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pungent, smoky smells filled the air. â€Å"Cassie,† Adam called out when he spotted her. â€Å"Where’ve you been? I’ve been calling you.† â€Å"I’m sorry. I know.† Cassie continued watching Diana. â€Å"I was helping my mom clean up after dinner and I lost track of time.† â€Å"Uh-oh,† Faye said, loud enough for everyone to hear. â€Å"Don’t you two know good communication is the foundation of a healthy relationship?† â€Å"Actually,† Suzan said, â€Å"I’m pretty sure it’s trust.† Faye smirked. â€Å"No, that can’t be it.† Adam was not amused by their banter. â€Å"I had something important to tell you.† He made an effort to pull Cassie aside. â€Å"That’s why I kept calling.† â€Å"You guys! It’s almost midnight, come on!† Diana held a lit candle in one hand and reached out to grab Cassie with the other. But she clutched Cassie’s pointer and index fingers just where her most recent burns had scabbed over. Cassie cried out softly in pain. Diana looked at her, confused. â€Å"Are you okay?† Cassie stretched the sleeves of her shirt down over her hands. â€Å"Did I hurt you?† Diana asked. Faye and the others gathered around Cassie. â€Å"Lift up your sleeves,† Faye commanded. After a glance at Adam, Cassie did as she was told. Immediately, everyone’s eyes settled on the scars and scabs she’d been working so hard to keep hidden. Cassie looked around and realized the time had come for her to tell them about her father’s book. There was no other way of explaining the burns, and Cassie didn’t want to outright lie to her Circle – they didn’t deserve that. With an encouraging nod from Adam, and with the group’s rapt attention, Cassie made a clear, concise announcement: â€Å"I have Black John’s Book of Shadows,† she said. â€Å"It’s what gave me these scars.† â€Å"You found – you mean – are you serious?† Diana sputtered. Cassie nodded. â€Å"I’ve been searching it for any hint on how to defeat the hunters or Scarlett. But it’s dangerous,† Cassie continued, holding up her hands as an example. â€Å"You have to understand, I don’t want anyone else to get hurt, not until I know it can help us.† Faye leaned on Sean to keep from falling over. â€Å"Black John’s book has been in your house this whole time? And you kept it from me?† She was practically hyperventilating. â€Å"I can’t even imagine the spells that must be in there. Go get it, Cassie. Right now.† Cassie shook her head. â€Å"I can’t read it, and neither can you. It’s written in an ancient language. And besides, we don’t know what the book is capable of.† â€Å"Actually, Cassie,† Adam interrupted, â€Å"that’s why I kept calling you earlier.† Seagulls squawked in circles overhead as Adam regarded the group, a gloomy look on his face. â€Å"Cassie showed me a portion of the book yesterday, and I was up all night trying to translate it. I compared some of the symbols in the book to the ancient map I used to locate the Master Tools.† Diana nodded, knowing that map well. â€Å"I remember those inscriptions,† she said. â€Å"Black John had written them himself.† Adam fixed his eyes on Cassie again. His voice was a stricken monotone. â€Å"From the little bits and pieces I could figure out, Cassie is now bound to Black John’s book.† For a few seconds Cassie lost her hearing. The hammering thump of her heartbeat was the only sound in her ears. She could see everyone’s reactions – Diana’s terror, Faye’s apprehension, Adam’s distress – but she felt like she was watching them from somewhere hushed and far away. It was gruesome, the way the faces of her friends altered. Not one of them would ever think of Cassie the same way again. â€Å"Are you sure?† Diana asked. Her voice hit Cassie’s ears with a pop. â€Å"Bound was definitely the word I translated,† Adam said. â€Å"And any dark magic involving that word can’t be good.† Diana took a deep breath. â€Å"No. Not good at all.† â€Å"What exactly does this mean?† Suzan asked. â€Å"In the scientific sense,† Laurel said, â€Å"being bound simply means being held to another element. It’s a union, physical or chemical. And it’s inseparable.† Melanie cut in to clarify. â€Å"Simply put, it means Cassie’s obligated to the book. As in tied in bonds. Like a prisoner.† â€Å"Melanie.† Diana chastised her with a glare. â€Å"It’s an attachment. That’s all. Don’t jump to worst-case scenarios.† Cassie wanted the group to believe Diana was right: that being bound to the book only meant she was attached to it, nothing more. But Cassie couldn’t deny what she knew to be the truth: The book did have an influence over her. Every time she touched it, it was like darkness took her over. She was beginning to feel like she had a split personality. Cassie began to cry, and Adam walked slowly over to her. He put his arm around her torso. â€Å"Cassie, I’m sorry you’re going through all this. But the Circle can help you now. You’re not in this alone.† â€Å"That’s right.† Diana took a step closer and also put her arm around Cassie. â€Å"We can all look into those symbols and help with the translation.† â€Å"You can copy a few pages at a time for us to study,† Adam said. â€Å"Using the obsidian crystal, so you’re as safe as possible.† There were supportive nods around the Circle, except from Faye who crossed her arms over her chest. â€Å"Just to be clear,† she said. â€Å"We are talking about Cassie being undeniably linked to dark magic, right? That’s what Black John’s book is, and that’s what Cassie’s bound to.† A heartrending stillness settled over the group like a heavy quilt. There was absolute silence except for the roar and crashing of waves in the distance. Adam nodded grimly. â€Å"Like Scarlett, Cassie does have dark magic in her blood, and the book is obviously reacting to that.† He turned to Cassie and swallowed hard. â€Å"In fact, as someone who knows dark magic so well, Scarlett might be able to tell us something useful about the book. Maybe she can help.† Cassie stared down at the sand, unable to speak. â€Å"Adam,† Nick shouted. â€Å"You do remember that Scarlett is out to kill your girlfriend, right?† Faye raised an eyebrow. â€Å"Trading off Princess Cassie for Evil Witch Scarlett? That sounds like a great suggestion to me.† â€Å"And while we’re at it, we can get the Master Tools back,† Deborah said. â€Å"That’s not what I meant.† Adam shot Cassie a desperate look. â€Å"I just meant we could confront her. Maybe even bargain with her.† â€Å"No way,† Nick said. â€Å"If we find Scarlett, we’re taking her down, not asking her for advice.† Cassie forced down the bile that had risen in her throat. She staggered back to the center of the group and everyone got quiet again, their faces turned toward her expectantly. â€Å"It’s not a bad idea to try to get information out of Scarlett.† She looked at Adam with a strained smile, though she was beginning to wonder if he had feelings for Scarlett he wasn’t admitting – even to himself. â€Å"But we’re dealing with two evils here, and at least the book can’t fight back.† And with that, Cassie had the final word. How to cite The Secret Circle: The Hunt Chapter 12, Essay examples

Smoke Signals free essay sample

Smoke Signals ( Smoke Signals, DVD. 1998) is a movie that depicts Native Americans on the Coeur’d Alene Indian Reservation in Idaho during the late 20th century. Smoke Signals illustrates contemporary Native American culture. The movie is gives insight into the characters struggles to preserve oral tradition, and making peace with personal histories. The main characters, Thomas and Victor, deal with discrimination, life on a reservation, preservation of their culture, and economic problems. There are aspects of anthropology concepts that are depicted animism, rite of passage cultural imperialism, and stereotyping. In this movie Victor, the main character, sees himself as a â€Å"real† Indian. Victor conveys resentment and anger towards his father Arnold Joseph, who was an alcoholic and abusive towards his family. Arnold Joseph always threatened to disappear in the movie and eventually he ran away to Phoenix Arizona. Thomas, the other main character in the story, remembers Arnold Joseph as a friendly man who saved his life from the fire. We will write a custom essay sample on Smoke Signals or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Later you learn Arnold Joseph leaves the reservation because he is racked with guilt from accidently setting the fire that killed Thomas parents. Thomas’s character is a traditionalist in practicing his oral tradition.Thomas is far less stern than his counterpart Victor is. Smoke Signals is about the journey Thomas and Victor have while collecting the ashes of Arnold Joseph. Thomas sees this journey as his vision quest. The vision quest came to him in the form of Spokane Falls, and while there, Arnold appeared to him, as if in a dream. This faith is called animism, the belief in spiritual entities, souls, and spirits. ( Connard Phillip Kottak, Mirror for Humanity: a Concise Introduction to Cultural Anthropology ( New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010), 191. ) These trance states are part of Native American culture.These vision quests are a rite of passage for Native Americans. ( IBID. , 195. ) Rites of passage are events that transform one from one stage of life to another. ( IBID. ) Victor in the beginning of the movie discounts the stories and visions, while insulting Thomas clothing saying he looks like a white man. This is because he believes no good comes from stories or visions and rejects his heritage. Upon arriving in Phoenix Victor learns respect for his father through stories told by Suzie, Arnold neighbor. Victor also experiences a vision of his own in the form of his father. He learns to respect the traditions of his heritage.Arnold, Victor’s father, tells a story about how he and his son once played against the Jesuits. Arnold describes the Jesuits as skilled and talented basketball players. He says Victor turned into an Angel to score the winning basket. By telling this story, Arnold Joseph refers to cultural imperialism. Cultural imperialism is to spread or advance one cultures by modifying, replacing, or destroying the existing culture at the expense of others. (IBID. , 290-91. )This can be caused by discrepancy in economical and political influences. ( IBID. ) The Jesuits, the white man, came and destroyed Native American culture forcing it to be modified.The winning of the game symbolizes the ability to overcome one’s oppressor. When traveling from Phoenix Arizona to the Coeur’d Alene Indian Reservation, the main characters are involved in a car accident. Victor runs forty miles to the next town to get help for the dying woman in the car accident. The drunken man, who caused the wreck, says Victor and Thomas are at fault for the causing the accident. He tells the police that they were trying to kill him. When interviewing with a police officer, prejudice, stereotype, and discrimination are a strong factor in the beginning.The police officer is stereotyping the boys, by assuming that all Indians are alcoholics. Stereotypes are preconceived notions about members of group are alike. ( IBID. ,251. ) Stereotypes are usually negative views on the particular group. ( IBID. ) Stereotyping groups individual behaviors together to form a prejudice of how that group â€Å"should act†. ( IBID. ) After Victor firmly tells the officer that he does not drink, the mood towards the boy’s changes favorably. This movie is about the physical and psychological journey that Thomas and Victor go through.

The History Of The World.The History Of The World.The History Of The W

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About the Influential Henry Hobson Richardson

About the Influential Henry Hobson Richardson Famous for designing massive stone buildings with semicircular Roman arches, Henry Hobson Richardson developed a late Victorian style that became known as Richardsonian Romanesque. Some people have argued that his architectural design is the first truly American style- that up to this point in American history, building designs were copied from what was being built in Europe. H.H. Richardsons 1877 Trinity Church in Boston, Massachusetts has been called one of the 10 Buildings That Changed America. Although Richardson himself designed few houses and public buildings, his style was copied throughout America. No doubt youve seen these buildings- the big, brownish red, rusticated stone libraries, schools, churches, row houses, and single-family homes of the wealthy. Background: Born: September 29, 1838 in Louisiana Died: April 26, 1886 in Brookline, Massachusetts Education: Public and private schools in New Orleans1859: Harvard College1860: Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris Famous Buildings: 1866-1869: Unity Church, Springfield, Massachusetts (Richardsons first commission)1883-1888: Allegheny County Courthouse, Pittsburgh, PA1872-1877: Trinity Church, Boston, MA1885-1887: Glessner House, Chicago, IL1887: Marshall Field Store, Chicago, IL About Henry Hobson Richardson: During his life, cut short by kidney disease, H.H. Richardson designed churches, courthouses, train stations, libraries, and other important civic buildings. Featuring semicircular Roman arches set in massive stone walls, Richardsons unique style became known as Richardsonian Romanesque. Henry Hobson Richardson is known as the First American Architect because he broke away from European traditions and designed buildings that stood out as truly original. Also Richardson was only the second American to receive formal training in architecture. The first was Richard Morris Hunt. The architects Charles F. McKim and Stanford White worked under Richardson for awhile, and their free-form Shingle Style grew out of Richardsons use of rugged natural materials and grand interior spaces. Other important architects influenced by Henry Hobson Richardson include Louis Sullivan, John Wellborn Root, and Frank Lloyd Wright. Richardsons Significance: He had a superb sense of rather monumental composition, an uncommon sensitivenss to materials, and a creative imagination in the way to use them. His stone detailing especially was unusually lovely, and it is not strange that his buildings were imitated far and wide. He was an independent planner as well, continually feeling for greater and greater originality....Richardsonian came in the popular mind to mean, not sensitivenss to material, nor independece of design, but rather the indefinite repetition of low, wide arches, intricate Byzantinelike ornament, or dark and somber colors.- Talbot Hamlin, Architecture through the Ages, Putnam, Revised 1953, p. 609 Learn More: H. H. Richardson: Complete Architectural Works by Jeffrey Karl Ochsner, MIT PressLiving Architecture: A Biography of H.H. Richardson by James F. OGorman, Simon SchusterThe Architecture of H. H. Richardson and His Times by Henry-Russell Hitchcock, MIT PressThree American Architects: Richardson, Sullivan, and Wright, 1865-1915 by James F. OGorman, University Of Chicago PressHenry Hobson Richardson and His Works by Mariana Griswold Van Rensselaer, DoverHenry Hobson Richardson. A Genius for Architecture by Margaret H. Floyd, Photographs by Paul Rocheleau, Monacelli PressH. H. Richardson: The Architect, His Peers, and Their Era by Maureen Meister, MIT Press

Discontinued Element Symbols

Discontinued Element Symbols This is a list of element symbols and names that are placeholders for final names or else are no longer in use. This list does not include element symbols or names that remain in use regionally, such as aluminum/aluminium or iodine/jod. A - Argon (18) Current symbol is Ar. Ab - Alabamine (85) Discredited claim to discovery of astatine. Am - Alabamium (85) Discredited claim to discovery of astatine. An - Athenium (99) Proposed name for einsteinium. Ao - Ausonium (93) Discredited claim to discovery of neptunium. Az - Azote (7) Former name for nitrogen. Bv - Brevium (91) Former name for protactinium. Bz - Berzelium (59) Suggested name for praseodymium. Cb - Columbium (41) Former name of niobium. Cb - Columbium (95) Suggested name for americium. Cp - Cassiopeium (71) Former name for lutetium. Cp is the symbol for element 112, Copernicium Ct - Centurium (100) Proposed name for fermium. Ct - Celtium (72) Former name of hafnium. Da - Danubium (43) Suggested name for technetium. Db - Dubnium (104) Proposed name for rutherfordium. The symbol and name were used for element 105. Eb - Ekaboron (21) Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, scandium closely matched the prediction. El - Ekaaluminium (31) Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, gallium closely matched the prediction. Em - Emanation (86) Also called radium emanation, the name was originally given by Friedrich Ernst Dorn in 1900. In 1923, this element officially became radon (the name given at one time to 222Rn, an isotope identified in the decay chain of radium). Em - Ekamangan (43) Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, technetium closely matched the prediction. Es - Ekasilicon (32) Name given by Mendeleev to an as of then undiscovered element. When discovered, germanium closely matched the prediction. Es - Esperium (94) Discredited claim to discovery of plutonium. Fa - Francium (87) Current symbol is Fr. Fr - Florentium (61) Discredited claim to discovery of promethium. Gl - Glucinium (4) Former name of beryllium. Ha - Hahnium (105) Proposed name for dubnium. Ha - Hahnium (108) Proposed name for hassium. Il - Illinium (61) Discredited claim to discovery of promethium. Jg - Jargonium (72) Discredited claim to discovery of hafnium. Jo - Joliotium (105) Proposed name for dubnium. Ku - Kurchatovium (104) Proposed name for rutherfordium. Lw - Lawrencium (103) Current symbol is Lr. M - Muriaticum (17) Former name of chlorine. Ma - Masurium (43) Disputed claim to discovery of technetium. Md - Mendelevium (97) Proposed name for berkelium. The symbol and name were later used for element 101. Me - Mendelevium (68) Suggested name for erbium. Ms - Masrium (49) Discredited claim of discovery of indium. Mt - Meitnium (91) Suggested name for protactinium. Mv - Mendelevium (101) Current symbol is Md. Ng - Norwegium (72) Discredited claim to discovery of hafnium. Ni - Niton (86) Former name for radon. No - Norium (72) Discredited claim to discovery of hafnium. Ns - Nielsbohrium (105) Proposed name for dubnium. Ns - Nielsbohrium (107) Proposed name for bohrium. Nt - Niton (86) Suggested name for radon. Ny - Neoytterbium (70) Former name of ytterbium. Od - Odinium (62) Suggested name for samarium. Pc - Policium (110) Proposed name for darmstadtium. Pe - Pelopium (41) Former name for niobium. Po - Potassium (19) Current symbol is K. Rf - Rutherfordium (106) Proposed name for seaborgium. The symbol and name were instead used for element 104. Sa - Samarium (62) Current symbol is Sm. So - Sodium (11) Current symbol is Na. Sp - Spectrium (70) Suggested name for ytterbium. St - Antimony (51) Current symbol is Sb. Tn - Tungsten (74) Current symbol is W. Tu - Thulium (69) Current symbol is Tm. Tu - Tungsten (74) Current symbol is W. Ty - Tyrium (60) Suggested name for neodymium. Unb - Unnilbium (102) Temporary name given to nobelium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. Une - Unnilennium (109) Temporary name given to meitnerium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. Unh - Unnilhexium (106) Temporary name given to seaborgium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. Uno - Unniloctium (108) Temporary name given to hassium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. Unp - Unnilpentium (105) Temporary name given to dubnium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. Unq - Unnilquadium (104) Temporary name given to rutherfordium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. Uns - Unnilseptium (107) Temporary name given to bohrium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. Unt - Unniltrium (103) Temporary name given to lawrencium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. Unu - Unnilunium (101) Temporary name given to mendelevium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. Uub - Ununbium (112) Temporary name given to copernicium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. Uun - Ununnilium (110) Temporary name given to darmstadtium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. Uuu - Unununium (111) Temporary name given to roentgenium until it was permanently named by IUPAC. Vi - Virginium (87) Discredited claim to discovery of francium. Vm - Virginium (87) Discredited claim to discovery of francium. Yt - Yttrium (39) Current symbol is Y. Placeholder names basically express the atomic number of an element. These names are replaced by official names once the IUPAC verifies the element discovery and approves a new name and element symbol.